History of atomic bomb

a unique facts discovered by Albert Einstein. "The discovery of nuclear chain reactions need not bring the destruction of mankind more than did the discovery of the game we just have to do everything in our power to guard against its abuse ..", said Albert Einstein
One of the most mysterious phenomena in the universe is the conversion of mass into energy. The whole universe is supported by this process. The energy emitted by stars, including the Sun, emerged from the nuclear reaction called fusion, away from the interior mereka.Pelepasan nuclear energy occurs through the fusion of two hydrogen nuclei into light nuclei heavier than helium.

bomSampai about the year 1800, main fuel is wood on our planet, energy derived from solar energy stored in plants throughout their lives. Since the unique facts of the Industrial Revolution, people rely on fossil fuels-coal, petroleum, and natural gas also comes from the stored solar energy.
When fossil fuels such as coal is burned, atoms of hydrogen and carbon in the coal join with oxygen atoms in the air. Water and carbon dioxide is produced and heat is released. This is the typical amount of energy from chemical reactions resulting from changes in the electronic structure of atoms. Most of the energy released as heat an adjacent fuel hot enough to produce a reaction occurs in a nuclear reaction. However, the energy released is often about 10 million times greater than the chemical reaction, and mass changes can be easily measured.
Nuclear HistoryHistory of producing large amounts of energy in nuclear reactions, is basically the history of the atomic bomb ... Here are some important steps toward the liberation of nuclear energy on demand.

    In 1896, Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity of uranium.
    In 1902, Marie and Pierre Curie isolated the radioactive metal called radium
    In 1905, Albert Einstein formulated the Special Theory of Relativity. According to this theory, the mass can be considered as another form of energy. According to Einstein, if we can somehow transform mass into energy, it will be possible to "liberate" vast amounts of energy. Over the next decade, great strides taken by Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr explained atomic structure is more appropriate. They say, from the nucleus is positively charged and negatively charged electrons revolving around the core. That is the core, the scientists concluded, that must be broken up or "explode" if the atomic energy will be released.
    In 1934, Enrico Fermi Italy destroyed by heavy atoms in neutron spray. But he did not realize that he has acquired nuclear fission.
    In December 1938, though, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman in Berlin did similar experiments with uranium and the achievements of the world. They have produced nuclear fission, they have split the atom that is 33 years after Einstein say it could be that the mass turned into energy.
    On August 2, 1939, Albert Einstein wrote a letter to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Over the last four months, he has made possible through the work of Joliot in France as well as Fermi and Szilard in America that allows set of nuclear reactions in a large mass of uranium. .. And this new phenomenon would also lead to the construction of bombs ... A single bomb of this type, carried by boat or exploded in a port, might very well destroy the whole port together with some surrounding areas. He urged Roosevelt to start a nuclear program without delay.
    In 1 year later Einstein regretted the role he played in the development of such destructive weapons: "I made one big mistake in my life," he said to Linus Pauling, another prominent scientist, "when I signed the letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made" .
    In December 1942 at the University of Chicago, the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi succeeded in producing the first nuclear chain reaction. This is done by setting the natural uranium lumps distributed within a large stack of pure graphite, a form of carbon. In a nuclear reactor, the graphite moderator served to slow the neutrons.
    In August 1942, during World War II, the United States establish Project Manhattan.Tujuan of this project is to develop, build, and test the bomb. Many leading American scientists, including physicist Enrico Fermi and J. Robert Oppenheimer and Harold Urey chemistry, associated with the project, led by a U.S. Army engineer, Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves.
    On May 31, 1945, sixteen people met in the office of Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson. Sixteen people are there to make decisions about the average American weapons have not heard, the atomic bomb. They chose a future target for "The Bomb." What they are talking about is the "new human relationship with the universe," as said by Stimson. The Secretary seems to say, are the most critical turning point in all of recorded history.
    On July 16, 1945, the first atomic bomb or A-bomb, tested at Alamogordo, New Mexico.
    On 6 August 1945, the Enola Gay, the American plane, dropped the first atomic bomb ever used in warfare on Hiroshima, Japan, eventually killing more than 140,000 people. On August 9, 1945, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb, this time in the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Although it misses one mile from the target, but killed 75,000 people.
    On August 29, 1949, the Soviet Union's first atomic bomb test.
    On 1 November, 1952 trial, a full-scale work carried out by the United States with a fusion-type devices.
    In 1946, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), civilian agency of the United States government, established the Atomic Energy Act to manage and regulate the production and use of atomic energy. Among the main programs of this new commission is the physical production of bomb material; prevention of accidents; biological research, medical, metallurgy and production of electric power from atomic, nuclear studies in aircraft production, and the declassification of data on atomic energy.
The main purpose of the act of 1946, however, is to place the big power and possibilities of atomic energy under civilian control, although the nuclear materials and facilities remain in government hands. A revision of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 allowed for private ownership of a licensed facility for the manufacture of physical materials.

History of computer viruses

First time computer viruses are created simultaneously with the computer. In 1949, one of the creators of computers, John von Newman, who created the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC), presented a paper entitled "Theory and Organization of Complicated Automata". In his paper discussed the possibility of a program that can spread by itself. The development of computer viruses subsequently occurred at AT & T Bell Laboratory one computer lab in the world which has resulted in many things, such as C and C + + .1 In this laboratory, circa 1960's, every time off the researchers to make a game with a program that can destroy the ability to correct itself and behind the opponent's attack position. In addition, the game program can reproduce itself automatically. War of the program is called Core War, the winner is the owner of the largest remaining programs within a certain time interval. Because aware of the dangers of the program, especially if the laboratory is leaking out, then every game is completed, the program is always destroyed. Sometime in the 1970s, Xerox introduced a program that is used to help the smooth working. The structure resembles a virus program, but this program is to utilize as much time as possible and at the same time two tasks can be performed. In the 1980s, the war began with the virus in the world open up the exposure Fred Cohen, a researcher and assistant professor at the University of Cincinnati, Ohio. In his presentation, Fred also demonstrates the creation of a program, which is a virus that can spread rapidly on a computer. While the virus evolves, Indonesia also exposed to the virus outbreak began. The first computer virus was spreading in Indonesia also inin 1988. Viruses are so shocked the whole computer users in Indonesia, then, is © Brain virus known as viral Pakistan.
Understanding Computer Viruses
The term computer virus was familiar to computer users today. In fact, about 12 years ago, this term has been recognized by the computer user community. Finally, in 1988, articles appeared in the media that with the incessant preaching about a new threat for computer users who later became known as 'computer virus'. Virus found on computer is just a regular program, as appropriate other programs. But there is a fundamental difference on computer viruses and other programs. Virus created by someone with goals vary, but generally the virus makers just want to pursue fame and also just for the sake of pleasure alone. But if someone makes a virus with the aim of damaging the coursewill confuse the computers ditularinya.
Ability Basic Computer Virus
General definition of computer virus is a computer program that is usually small size can cause disruption or damage to computer systems and have some basic skills, including:
The ability to reproduce themselvesNamely the ability to create duplicates itself to files or disks that have not ditularinya, so that over time the region more widely spread.
The ability to hide themselvesNamely the ability to hide itself from the user's attention, among other things the following ways:a. Facing the output to the screen for the virus worked, so the virus does not seem work by the user.b. Virus programs are placed outside track2 made DOS (eg track 41)c. The size of the virus was made as small as possible so as not to attract suspicion.
Ability to conduct manipulationRoutine manipulation actually not too important. But this is often disturbing. This routine is usually made to:a. Make an appearance or a disturbing message on the screenb. Replacing the diskette volume labelc. Damage the structure of the disk, deleting filesd. Disrupting the work tools of I / O, such as keyboards and printers
The ability to obtain informationNamely the ability to obtain information about the structure of the storage media such as the location of the original boot record, partition table layout, the location FAT3, the position of a file, and so on.
The ability to check for the existence itselfBefore menyusipi suati check the presence of the virus file itself in the file that the search for an ID (identification) itself in that file. Files that have not been infected with a virus certainly does not contain the ID of the virus in question. This capability prevents the infiltration of many times on a same file.
2.4 Types of computer viruses
The following will discuss the types of viruses that the authors conclude from various sources, both sources of information and sources from the internet.
2.4.1 Based Technique Making
a. Viruses are created by compilerIs a virus that can be executed because it is a virus that has been compiled so it can be executed directly. This type of virus is a virus that first emerged in the computer world, and until now growing rapidly. This type of virus usually made with low-level programming language called assembler, because by using the assembler program that produced smaller and faster, so it is suitable to make a virus. But it is also possible to create a virus using other programming languages ​​like C and Pascal both DOS and Windows environment.Perhaps this type of virus is the most difficult viruses to be made but because it is made by using a programming language and machine language form of the hallmarks of this virus is capable of doing almost all the manipulations in which it can not always be done by another type of virus because it is more limited.
b. Macro Viruses
Many people mistakenly with this strain, they assume that the Macro virus is a virus found on the Microsoft Word program. Indeed, almost all macro virus is a virus found Microsoft Word. Macro viruses are real viruses that utilize modular programming facilities in a particular application program such as Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft PowePoint, Corel WordPerfect, and so on. The purpose of this modular programming facilities is to provide convenience and create a shortcut forthe application. Unfortunately this function is used by virus makers to create a virus in the application. Although the virus is contained within a particular application but the danger posed no less berbahanya of other viruses.
c. Virus Script / Batch
At first this virus better known because the first batch of virus present in the batch file contained in the DOS, now this has turned into a script. Virus scripts usually are often obtained from the Internet because of the benefits of flexible and can run when we play on the internet, this type of virus usually stay in the HTML file (Hype Text Markup Language) is created by using scripts such as Javascript, VBScript, 4 or a combination of script enable Active-X programs from Microsoft Internet Explorer.
Based on the performed
a. Boot Sector VirusBoot Sector Virus is a virus that utilizes gate the relationship between computers and storage media as a place to transmit the virus. If the boot sector there is a program that is able to spread themselves and be able to stay in memory for computer work, then the program can be called a virus. Boot sector virus that is two and a virus that attacks the virus that attacks the floppy disk and partition table.b. Virus FileThe virus file is a virus that memafaatkan a file that can be processed directly in the DOS editor, such as files ending in COM, EXE, multiple overlay files, and batch files. Viruses generally do not have the ability to strike at all of the file. The virus files can also be based on or not tingga in memory.c. Virus SystemVirus is a virus that utilizes the system files used to create a computer system. An example is a file with extension SYS, IBMBIO.COM files, IBMDOS.COM, or COMMAND.COM.d. Hybrid VirusesThis virus is a virus that has two abilities can usually get into the boot sector and can also go into the file. One example of this virus is a virus Mystic made in Indonesia.e. Viruses Windows RegistryThese viruses infect the operating system using Windows 95/98/NT usually the infection and manipulation in the Windows registry for the registry is a place to accommodate all the information the computer hardware or software. So every time we run Windows then the virus will be run by the registry.f. Virus Program ApplicationThis virus is a Macro virus, infecting data on a particular application program. This new virus will be in action when we run the program and open the application data that contains a virus.
Based on the distribution media
a. The spread of the physical mediaMedia is meant to be floppy disks, CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read Only Memory), hard disk, and so on. For CD-ROM, although this medium can not be read but there is the possibility of a CD-ROM containing a specific virus, although unlikely, but along with the development tools on the market CD-R/CD-RW the possibility of a virus in the CD-ROM will also increased. For now this type of virus that became dominant from all existing viruses. This virus will be transmitted on a computer that still has not contracted in the event access to the file / media that contain viruses, followed by accessing the file / media that is still clean, it can also by accessing the file / media are still clean the computer's memory while there is active virus.
b. The spread of the Internet MediaLately viruses that spread by the media is more and more, the virus is usually spread via e-mail or at the time we download a file containing the virus. Also there are some viruses that will automatically spread itself via e-mail if your computer has a connection to the Internet

History of mobile discovery

Mobile is a handheld communication device that connects a person with a considerable distance. This tool is already owned by each person. This tool is included primary needs. Especially for adolescents in the present. Mobile becomes a very important need, mobile phones are used to facebook, twitter, call, sms and much more usefulness. But how do you know the origin of the discovery of a mobile phone??

Here's the story ... ....



"Without his invention, no one will ever pitch while phoning with a cell phone. He has made a business (mobile phone) are formed and become a business. "(Frank Vigilante of Amos Joel Jr., inventor of the" switching "mobile," New York Times ")

Modern human civilization is inevitable discovery rests on two highly influential technologies, namely internet and mobile phones (mobile phone). Both the above technology is now the mainstay of human communication, career, business, and other activities.

In the case of the Internet, people familiar figures discoverer, like Bob Taylor, an expert psikoakustik and Director of Computer Research Program at the Defense's Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) in 1966. At that time Taylor got the idea for connecting computers in a network. In addition to Taylor, there are also Larry Robert, pioneer of computer networking in the Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the only scientist in the U.S. who are considered to realize the envisaged Taylor's network. Of course there is Vint Cerf and his colleagues from the University of California, Los Angeles.

Meanwhile, from the world of mobile communications, there is a cell phone inventor Martin Cooper who was 35 years ago, precisely 3 April 1973, working at Motorola. People can still listen to Cooper's dream, to imagine that such a small size device, mounted behind the ear, and someone dialed automatically when the user intends to call the number.

However, the focus this time not to Cooper, but on another figure who also made a large contribution in the development of mobile communications. This figure is none other than Amos E Joel Jr., pioneer connector system (switching) from one region of the cell phone to another cell region. Switching it should work when mobile users move / migrate from one cell to another cell so that the conversation is not interrupted.
Since the discovery of Amos Joel is the use of mobile phones to be comfortable.

In addition to the phone switching system, which is patented by the number 3,663,762, Joel also took part in the development of the traffic service position system (TSPs) that are used to automate work phone operators and automatic intercept system (AIS) which was created to handle calls to numbers not active automatic.

Great inventors

Amos Joel Jr., who was born in Philadelphia, March 12, 1918, is recognized worldwide as an expert in the field of switching. He received a bachelor's degree (1940) and master (1942) in electronic engineering from MIT. Not long after the study, he began his career for 43 years (from July 1940-March 1983) at Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he received more than 70 U.S. patents in the field of telecommunications, particularly in the field of switching.

Joel-who this year entered in the National Inventors Hall of Fame, died Saturday, October 25, at his home in Maplewood, New Jersey, in the age of 90.

Mobile phone users worldwide are now able to contemplate, what is the meaning of civilization cellular Joel donation today. It concluded by Frank Vigilante, who had become one of Joel supervisor at Bell Labs in the above quotation.

The lesson for inventors

Joel can be a great inventor of course because it has high intelligence, but other than that there are also other expertise. Apparently since childhood Joel like brain-tweaking electronic goods. As a boy, said Andrew Martin in the obituary in the New York Times, Joel often assemble a communication system to his friends, using old phone equipment that was left in an empty apartment. He also tried to create switching simple.

When the retelling of his career to the newspaper The Star-Ledger in New Jersey several months ago, Joel said, the things that he admired as a child and it is the junction (switch) on electric toy trains and telephones rotary (dial) first in house.

"I want to know, how the stuff works," he said.

While still in college, he met his wife, Rhoda Fenton-ago he invited to his office to look at patents that he collected.

After dating, Fenton thought Joel was crazy, but he finally received Joel and the two were married for 58 years.

In addition to fiddling pleased communication tool, Joel also enjoys teaching. After World War II, he developed and taught courses on the switching system and circuit design, until finally he found the first automatic telephone billing equipment.

For the services and contributions, Joel was awarded the Inventor of the Year by the New Jersey Congress of Inventors, and received the highest award the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), the Medal of Honor. Other awards he has ever received the Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology (1989) and the National Medal of Technology (1993) and Stuart Ballantine Medal from the Franklin Institute.

As mobile communications become so vital in the present civilization, the contribution of Amos Joel memorabilia and cultivate the habit of technology and it then produces a useful invention for mankind, truly enviable.

Thank you,,,

Stay spirit and good luck

History of Inventions and Innovations Radio

The history of invention and innovation following the radio I quoted from various sources, including Wikipedia. It feels less afdol when we mengdengarkan radio every day but do not know the origin of the radio itself.
Radio is a technology used for signal transmission and modulation by electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic waves). This wave passes and travel by air and can also travel through the vacuum of space, because this wave does not require the carrier medium (such as air molecules).

Radio waves are a form of electromagnetic radiation, and is formed when electrically charged objects is modulated (increased frequency) at frequencies contained in the radio frequency (RF) in an electromagnetic spectrum. These radio waves are in the range of 10 hertz (Hz) to several gigahertz (GHz), and electromagnetic radiation moves by way of oscillating electric and magnetic.
Other electromagnetic waves, which have frequencies above the radio waves include gamma rays, X-rays, infrared, ultraviolet, and visible light. When the radio waves transmitted through the cable, the oscillation of electric and magnetic fields are expressed in the form of alternating current and voltage on the cable. This can then be converted into an audio signal or any other that carries information.
Although the word 'radio' is used for matters relating to the receiver of sound waves, but wave transmission is used as the basis of the wave on television, radio, radar and cell phones in general.
Basic theory of electromagnetic wave propagation was first described in 1873 by James Clerk Maxwell in his paper at the Royal Society about the dynamics of electromagnetic field theory (in English: A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field), based on the results of her research work between 1861 and 1865.
In 1878, David E. Hughes was the first to transmit and receive radio waves when he found that the induction balance caused disruption to phone product. He demonstrated his discovery to the Royal Society in 1880 but only say it was just an induction.
Is Heinrich Rudolf Hertz who, between 1886 and 1888, the first time to prove Maxwell's theory through experiment, demonstrating that radio radiation had all the wave properties (now called Hertzian waves), and found that the electromagnetic equations can be formulated into a partial differential equation called the wave equation.
Many of the early use of the maritime radio, for sending telegraphic messages using Morse code between ships and land. One of the early users included the Japanese Navy spy on the Russian fleet at the Battle of Tsushima in 1901. One use of the most memorable was at the time of the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912, including communications between operators on a sinking ship and nearby ships, and communication to ground stations to register the saved.
Radio used to channel commands and communications between the Army and Navy on both sides in World War II, Germany uses radio communications for diplomatic messages when the underwater cable is cut by the British. United States convey Fourteen Principal President Woodrow Wilson to Germany via radio during the war.
Press start to be done in the 1920s, with the popularity of radio, especially in Europe and the United States. In addition to the broadcast, broadcast point-to-point, including phone and re-broadcast radio program, became popular in the 1920s and the 1930s.
Role Marconi
World of radio innovation record the names Guglielmo Marconi, the inventor of radio. He was born in Bologna, Italy, April 25, 1874. His father, Giuseppe Marconi authentic Italian farmer and his mother, Annie Jameson is the son of the owner of Daphne Castle in Ireland, who was signed as a British territory. He went to Bologna, Florence, and Leghorn.
Since childhood he was interested in working Maxwell, Hertz, Righi, until the Lodge. In the age of 21 years, 1895, he made a laboratory in his father's house, in Pontecchio. He conducted research about radio waves - when it referred to as "Hertzian Waves" - to send a telegraph signal. It was only through the telegraph wires. He has managed to send a telegraph signal for a distance of about 2 kilometers. Findings radio practically in the doorway so he asked for the support of Post and Telegraph Department of Italian. But the bureaucrats are not interested in Italy, even closing the door for him.
Marconi did not despair, a year later he contacted the British Postal Service. William Preece, chief engineer Postal Service England, Marconi was willing to meet with him and who later came to showcase his creations radio capability on the plains of Salisbury and, later, across the Bristol Channel. Preece was impressed, and eventually founded the company Marconi Wireless Telegraph & Signal The Company Limited in 1897, which later transforms into Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company Limited.
In two years, 1899, he has built a radio between France and Britain, followed later between the U.S. and Britain.
Over a decade until 1912, he patented a number of findings to improve the radio system he created. In 1909 he received the Nobel Prize in physics.
In 1914, Marconi was called into the Italian Army. He became a diplomat Italy to America in 1917.
Once the government no longer part of Italy, he returned to the laboratory. By World War II, in 1935, he demonstrated the latest findings, namely Radar. Two years later, July 20, 1937, Marconi died in Rome.
Role Howard
Edwin Howard Armstrong was recorded as the inventor of FM radio. He was born on December 18, 1890 in New York City. His father was publisher of books and his mother a teacher. At the age of 14 years, Armstrong read a book written by Marconi telegraph. He was very impressed with Marconi, just that he wanted to improve the creation Marconi radio. So Armstrong had intended to make clear-voiced radio while making their own radio station at his home. To that end, Armstrong entered the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at Columbia University. He graduated and became a great teacher and electrical engineer.
In 1912, Armstrong managed to make a regenerative circuit and feedback circuit. He also studied a hollow tube made of De Forest, who named trioda and audion. Later, Armstrong combines its discovery, with a hollow tube made of De Forest. The results of the exit tube sound a thousand times more clear.
Unfortunately, De Forest's invention is considered his property. They fight the copyright, for 14 years in court. Finally, De Forest becomes the winner, because judges do not understand the science of electricity. But scientists still think Armstrong was the inventor of the circuit and FM radio. He was awarded the Franklin Medal and was nicknamed "Father of Circuit". On February 1, 1954, Armstrong died in New York. He was synchronized with the old inventor, in the field of electricity such as Amphere and Bell.
Hopefully Helpful. .......

Thank You. ...............

History of computer invention

Computer is a tool that is very familiar to us. Computer always helped us in completing our task and our jobs every day. But do you know how the history of the discovery of this computer?? The following story ... ...

Charles Babbage is one of the scientists in the world, which has a lot to give his work on human life, especially the computer field. Calculating machines (Difference Engine No. 1) which was discovered by Charles Babbage (1791-1871) was one of the most famous icon in the history of computers and is the first automatic calculator. Babbage also famous with the nickname of the father of the computer. The Charles Babbage Foundation, using his name to appreciate its contribution to the world of computers. Want to know more biography and his works? Please continue reading this article ...
Charles Babbage was born in what is now known as Southwark, London, December 26, 1791, son of Benjamin Babbage, a banker. The surplus in mathematics is very prominent. When entering Trinity College in Cambridge in 1811, she found that her math skills are much better, even than his own tutor.
At the age of 20 years Babbage worked as a mathematician, especially in the field of calculus functions. 1816, he was elected as a member of the "Royal Society" (an independent academic organization of science and the United Kingdom, is still active until now) and play an important role in the foundation "Astronomical Society" (organization of Astronomy and Geophysics Britain, is still active until now) in the year 1820. At this time became interested in Babbage's calculating machine, which continued until his death.
1821 Babbage created the Difference Engine, a machine that can sort the table Mathematics. When the machine is complete in 1832, Babbage got the idea about a better machine, which will be able to finish not just one type but different types of arithmetic operations. This machine called the Analytical Engine (1856), which was intended as a general symbol pemanipulasi machine, as well as having some characteristics of modern computers. Among them is the use of punched cards, a memory unit to enter numbers, and various other computer basic elements.
The work of Babbage less so famous until one day he met with Ada, Countess of Lovelace, daughter of Lord Byron. Babbage first met at an event on 6 June 1833. Nine years later, Luigi Federico Manabrea (an engineer from Italy) explained how the Analytical Engine. This work was later translated and added notes by Ada Lovelace in 1843. From that point people began to recognize the work of Charles Babbage.
But unfortunately, only a few remaining relics of the Difference Engine prototype machine, because the engine needs to exceed the technology available at that time. And even though Babbage's work appreciated by the various institutions of science, the British government suspended funding for the Difference Engine in 1832, and eventually stopped entirely in 1842. Similarly, the Difference Engine which is only realized in the plan and design.
Year 1828 until 1839, Babbage's degree medapat the Lucasian chair of mathematics (the most prestigious title of professor of mathematics in the world) from the University of Cambridge. In addition to calculating machines, Babbage also provides various other contributions. Among them create a modern postal system in England, set the table first reliable insurance, find Locomotive cowcather (triangle-shaped structure at the front of the train, which can clean the tracks of the disorder) and some other. In addition, Babbage also contribute ideas in economics and politics.
Charles Babbage was also an expert in cryptanalysis that successfully solve Vigenere cipher (cipher polyalphabet). Cleverness is actually being held since 1854, after he managed to defeat the challenge to solve ciphernya Thwaites. However, this does not he publish his findings so that newly discovered in the 20th century when the experts examine the notes-notes (text, notes) Babbage.
Behind all his success, failure in making the calculation engine and the failure of government assistance to him, left Babbage in disappointment and sadness at the end of his life. Babbage died at his home in London on October 18, 1871.

Thank you ,,,,,,,,,,

Keep the spirit and success,,,,,,,,,,,,

History of Inventions and Innovations Television

Before I write any further development of the television world, then it would be nice if this blog I am also content with writing about the history of invention and innovation in the world of television. I compile this material from various sources, including Wikipedia.
The word television comes from the words "tele" and "vision", which means each remote (tele) and looks (vision). So television is visible or can be seen from a distance. The discovery of television juxtaposed with the invention of the wheel, because the invention is capable of changing the world civilization. In Indonesia, 'television' is not formally called the TV, television, television or tipi.
In the discovery of television, there are many parties, inventors and innovators who are involved, both individuals and companies. Television is a mass work developed from year to year.
The beginning of television certainly can not be separated from the basic invention, namely Electromagnetic Waves law discovered by Joseph Henry and Michael Faraday (1831) which is the beginning of the era of electronic communication.
1876 ​​- George Carey described creating Selenium Camera can make someone see the electric wave. Later, Eugen Goldstein called the shots light waves in vacuum tubes was named as the Cathode Rays.
1884 - Paul Nipkov, German scientist, managed to send an electronic image using a piece of metal called a telescope with a resolution of 18 line Electric.
1888 - Freidrich Reinitzeer, Austrian botanist, discovered liquid crystals (liquid crystals), which later became the raw material for the manufacture of LCDs. But the new LCD screen was developed as 60 years later.
1897 - Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) was first invented by a German scientist, Karl Ferdinand Braun. He made the CRT screen with fluorescent when exposed to light. This is the embryo of the screen tube television.
1900 - The term was first put forward Constatin Television Perskyl from Russia at the International Congress of Electricity is first in the World Technology Exhibition in Paris.
1907 - Campbell Swinton and Boris Rosing in separate experiments using cathode rays to send pictures.
1927 - Philo T Farnsworth scientists from Utah, the United States developed the first modern television at the age of 21. The idea of ​​the image dissector tube is the basis for television work.
1923 - Vladimir Zworykin Kozma, registering patents in his name for his invention, kinescope, the world's first television tubes. A year later, he received United States citizenship and completed his doctoral studies at the University of Pittsburgh. Vladimir was born in Russia, 30 July 1889. He perfected the cathode tube called a kinescope. Her findings developed technology by CRT. He works at an electronics company RCA and during 1930 to the 1940s, the company was spoiled by draining funds of U.S. $ 150 million for the production of television technology. Zworykin openness to criticism, made him find a new discovery. A camera tube. It complements the television tube technology invention. The discovery was named iconoscope, derived from the Greek, which means the image icon and scope that is observed. He died of old age on July 29, 1982. It was he who later as the inventor of television. (1889-1982).
1939 - exact date of May 11, for the first time, a television transmitter operated in the city of Berlin, Germany. Thus, the world became acquainted with a visual communication tool. The television station later Nipko named as a tribute to Powell Nipkov, the famous German scientist and one of the inventors of television equipment.
1940 - Peter Goldmark created a color television with a resolution reaches 343 lines.1956 - Robert Adler was born in the United States along with fellow engineer Eugene Polley, find the remote control television. Although not a television, but his findings are very important for television technology. He died at the age of 93 years. Emmy award recipients since its discovery in 1997 that earned more than 180 U.S. patents during the 58-year career. According to his wife, television remote control was not the discovery of her favorite and she rarely watched television.
1958 - The first scientific paper on the LCD as a display screen presented by Dr. Glenn Brown.
1964 - Prototype of a single cell was first invented Plasma Television displays Donald Bitzer and Gene Slottow. This step is followed Larry Weber.
1967 - James Fergason invented Twisted Nematic, LCD screens are more practical.1968 - first introduced LCD screen RCA-led institution George Heilmeier.1975 - Larry Weber of the University of Illinois began designing the color plasma display.
1979 - Scientists from the Kodak company managed to create the appearance of new types of organic light emitting diode (OLED). Since then, they continue to develop the kind of OLED televisions. Meanwhile, Walter Spear and Peter Le Comber making LCD color display of materials in thin film light transfer.
1981 - Japanese broadcaster, NHK, demonstrate HDTV technology with a resolution of 1.125 line.
1987 - Kodak's patented OLED findings as display devices the first time.1995 - After decades of doing research, plasma screen project finally finished Larry Weber. He managed to create plasma screen a more stable and brilliant. Larry Weber then megadakan research with investment worth 26 million U.S. dollars from the company Matsushita.
The 2000s, each type of display technology is progressively completed. Both the LCD, Plasma and CRT continues to issue a final product that is more perfect than ever.
2008 onwards, following the development of digital television in the United States and Europe, Indonesia will also implement digital television broadcasting (Digital Television / DTV) is a type of TV that uses digital modulation and compression systems to distribute video, audio, and data signals into television set.
Background of the development of digital television:-Changes in the external environmentAnalog-TV market is already saturated-Complaints of noise, ghost etc.-Competition with satellite and cable broadcasting systems (Cable Television)
Technology development:Digital signal-processing technology (Digital Signal Processor)Digital-transmission technologySemiconductor-TechnologyTechnology-resolution display devices tingggi
The advantages of digital television:-High Definition. 5 ~ 6 times more subtle than analog television-Finest sound. The ability to reproduce sound as the original source-Multifunction. Provides the ability to record and edit broadcast-Multichannel (one channel can be charged more than 5 different programs)
Hopefully useful. Thank you.