History of atomic bomb

a unique facts discovered by Albert Einstein. "The discovery of nuclear chain reactions need not bring the destruction of mankind more than did the discovery of the game we just have to do everything in our power to guard against its abuse ..", said Albert Einstein
One of the most mysterious phenomena in the universe is the conversion of mass into energy. The whole universe is supported by this process. The energy emitted by stars, including the Sun, emerged from the nuclear reaction called fusion, away from the interior mereka.Pelepasan nuclear energy occurs through the fusion of two hydrogen nuclei into light nuclei heavier than helium.

bomSampai about the year 1800, main fuel is wood on our planet, energy derived from solar energy stored in plants throughout their lives. Since the unique facts of the Industrial Revolution, people rely on fossil fuels-coal, petroleum, and natural gas also comes from the stored solar energy.
When fossil fuels such as coal is burned, atoms of hydrogen and carbon in the coal join with oxygen atoms in the air. Water and carbon dioxide is produced and heat is released. This is the typical amount of energy from chemical reactions resulting from changes in the electronic structure of atoms. Most of the energy released as heat an adjacent fuel hot enough to produce a reaction occurs in a nuclear reaction. However, the energy released is often about 10 million times greater than the chemical reaction, and mass changes can be easily measured.
Nuclear HistoryHistory of producing large amounts of energy in nuclear reactions, is basically the history of the atomic bomb ... Here are some important steps toward the liberation of nuclear energy on demand.

    In 1896, Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity of uranium.
    In 1902, Marie and Pierre Curie isolated the radioactive metal called radium
    In 1905, Albert Einstein formulated the Special Theory of Relativity. According to this theory, the mass can be considered as another form of energy. According to Einstein, if we can somehow transform mass into energy, it will be possible to "liberate" vast amounts of energy. Over the next decade, great strides taken by Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr explained atomic structure is more appropriate. They say, from the nucleus is positively charged and negatively charged electrons revolving around the core. That is the core, the scientists concluded, that must be broken up or "explode" if the atomic energy will be released.
    In 1934, Enrico Fermi Italy destroyed by heavy atoms in neutron spray. But he did not realize that he has acquired nuclear fission.
    In December 1938, though, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman in Berlin did similar experiments with uranium and the achievements of the world. They have produced nuclear fission, they have split the atom that is 33 years after Einstein say it could be that the mass turned into energy.
    On August 2, 1939, Albert Einstein wrote a letter to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Over the last four months, he has made possible through the work of Joliot in France as well as Fermi and Szilard in America that allows set of nuclear reactions in a large mass of uranium. .. And this new phenomenon would also lead to the construction of bombs ... A single bomb of this type, carried by boat or exploded in a port, might very well destroy the whole port together with some surrounding areas. He urged Roosevelt to start a nuclear program without delay.
    In 1 year later Einstein regretted the role he played in the development of such destructive weapons: "I made one big mistake in my life," he said to Linus Pauling, another prominent scientist, "when I signed the letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made" .
    In December 1942 at the University of Chicago, the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi succeeded in producing the first nuclear chain reaction. This is done by setting the natural uranium lumps distributed within a large stack of pure graphite, a form of carbon. In a nuclear reactor, the graphite moderator served to slow the neutrons.
    In August 1942, during World War II, the United States establish Project Manhattan.Tujuan of this project is to develop, build, and test the bomb. Many leading American scientists, including physicist Enrico Fermi and J. Robert Oppenheimer and Harold Urey chemistry, associated with the project, led by a U.S. Army engineer, Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves.
    On May 31, 1945, sixteen people met in the office of Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson. Sixteen people are there to make decisions about the average American weapons have not heard, the atomic bomb. They chose a future target for "The Bomb." What they are talking about is the "new human relationship with the universe," as said by Stimson. The Secretary seems to say, are the most critical turning point in all of recorded history.
    On July 16, 1945, the first atomic bomb or A-bomb, tested at Alamogordo, New Mexico.
    On 6 August 1945, the Enola Gay, the American plane, dropped the first atomic bomb ever used in warfare on Hiroshima, Japan, eventually killing more than 140,000 people. On August 9, 1945, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb, this time in the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Although it misses one mile from the target, but killed 75,000 people.
    On August 29, 1949, the Soviet Union's first atomic bomb test.
    On 1 November, 1952 trial, a full-scale work carried out by the United States with a fusion-type devices.
    In 1946, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), civilian agency of the United States government, established the Atomic Energy Act to manage and regulate the production and use of atomic energy. Among the main programs of this new commission is the physical production of bomb material; prevention of accidents; biological research, medical, metallurgy and production of electric power from atomic, nuclear studies in aircraft production, and the declassification of data on atomic energy.
The main purpose of the act of 1946, however, is to place the big power and possibilities of atomic energy under civilian control, although the nuclear materials and facilities remain in government hands. A revision of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 allowed for private ownership of a licensed facility for the manufacture of physical materials.

The discovery history of printing machinery

Commonly considered the inventor Johann Gutenberg printing press.
What he actually did was to develop the first method involved the use of print and the printing press in such a way so that various kinds of written material can be printed quickly and accurately.
No terdetik discovery of one's thoughts, not even the printing press. Seals and seal spheres adhere to the principle that the process is similar to block printing was known in China for centuries before Gutenberg was born and the evidence shows that in the year 868 AD a printed book was discovered in China. A similar process has been known in Europe before Gutenberg. Print block allows printing many copies of certain books. This process has one big disadvantage: because a new and complete set of woodcut or metal must be made to a book, by itself it is not practical to print a wide variety of books.
Often called the most important contributions was the discovery in the field of Gutenberg printing letters that can move. In this case too similar things have been discovered in China around the middle of the 11th century AD by a man named Pi Sheng. The letters original print made from a kind of land that can not be durable. Meanwhile, some Chinese and Koreans have done a series of improvements and work well before Gutenberg. The Koreans use metal printing letters, and the Korean government helped a smelter to produce printed letters at the beginning of the 15th century AD Apart from all this, is also wrong to assume Pi Sheng had a special influence. At the first level, Europeans do not learn to print letters move from China but on his own creations. Second, the printing by way of printed letters move has never been used in general in China's own until just recently when modern printing procedures they learned from the West.
There are four essential components of modern way of printing. First, print letters that move, following some adjustment procedures and placement of letters established. Second, the printing press itself. Third, matching ink to produce prints. Fourth, the materials such as paper to print them. Paper has been found in China years before the printing press by Ts'ai Lun and its use was widespread in Europe before the days of Gutenberg. That is the only element of the Gutenberg printing process that is ready to be. Although others have done all kinds of work on each component, but Gutenberg has successfully assorted improvements. For example, he developed a metal alloy for printing letters poured molten metal to block print letters correctly and accurately; oil printing ink and pressure equipment needed to print. 8 printing press inventor Johann Gutenberg
Johann Gutenberg printing press
However, the overall contribution of Gutenberg mind is bigger than anyone else in terms of perfecting the printing press. Its importance lies in its success mainly combines all the elements of the printing press to be an effective and productive system. Therefore, printing machines, in contrast with other previous findings, a large-scale production process are key. Sepucuk rifle itself is far more effective than a bow and arrow. A printed book is not much different from the results of a handwritten book. Excess printing machine thus lies in its massive production terms. What has been developed by Gutenberg was not the invention of a device or reason, and not just a series of improvements, but a complete production process.
Biographical Treasury Gutenberg us about yourself so rare, we only know he was born in Germany around 1400 AD in the city of Mainz. His contributions to the art prints in the mid-century prints and terbagusnya work-what is called the Gutenberg Bible, printed in Mainz around the year 1454 AD Oddly, the name of Gutenberg was never listed in any book, nor in the Gutenberg Bible, although he himself clearly printed by means of discovery.
Gutenberg did not ever appear as a businessman, he really had no desire to money from his invention. He was frequently involved with court charges resulting in the need for him to pay ransom in the form of equipment furnished to his friend named Johann Fust. Gutenberg died in 1468 in the town of Mainz.
One of the Gutenberg influence in world history can be profitable if we associate with the development in China and Europe in the next period. At the time of Gutenberg was born, the two regions was almost as advanced. But after Gutenberg invented printing European darted forward with the speed, while the Chinese are still using print blocks and its development is rather slow. Maybe too much if we say the development of printing the only factors that cause different degrees of progress, but the findings clearly have important meaning that can not be removed.
Also worth noting if only three people in this book list live in the five centuries before Gutenberg, while sixty-seven live in the five centuries after Gutenberg's death. This shows how very mean-Gutenberg invention can even be called an important discovery in relation to the withdrawal of the trigger-progress of the revolution of modern times.
Alexander Graham Bell may not even born into the world but the phone remains found at the same time in history. So also could take a sample of other inventions, without Gutenberg, the invention of modern printing will be delayed a few generations, and measured its effects from the great, unmistakable Gutenberg to honor the order listed.

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History of the steam engine invention

James Watt, Scottish inventor who is often associated with steam engines, a key figure of the Industrial Revolution. Actually, Watt is not the first person who made the steam engine. Similar draft prepared also by Hero of Alexandria in the early years AD. In 1686 Thomas Savery patents make a steam engine used to pump water, and in 1712, Englishman Thomas Newcomen, the patent also make similar products with a more perfect version, but the creation Newcomen engine still of low quality and less efficient, can only used to pump water from coal mines.

Watt became interested in the affairs of the steam engine in 1764 when he was fixing creation Newcomen engine. Although Watt's just get one year of education as a tool maker, but he's got great talent creator. Improvements he made with homemade Newcomen engine was so important, so it is worth consider actual creator Wattlah first practical steam engine. Watt patented the first success in 1769 was the addition of a separate room which strengthened. He also make isolation separator to prevent the disappearance of the heat in the steam cylinder, and in 1782 he discovered the double machine. With some minor improvements, this update menghasilan increased efficiency of the steam engine with a four-fold or more. In practice, this efficiency improvement is the result of an intelligence but is not very useful equipment nor have the extraordinary usefulness, looking from the corner of the industry.
Watt also found (in 1781) a set of teeth to change the motion behind the machine so that the spinning motion. This tool is to increase massively the use of steam engines. Watt also managed to create a controller style circular motion automatically (in 1788), which causes the engine speed can be automatically monitored. It also creates a pressure gauge (in 1790), speedo instrument, appliance instructions and vapor control equipment in addition to other repair equipment.
Watt did not have a talent business. However, in 1775 he made alliance with Matthew Boulton, an engineer, and a businessman who deftly. For twenty-five years later, Watt and Boulton company produces a large number of steam engines and both became rich. Working steam engine in 1769 Watt dual discovery It is hard to exaggerate the significance of the steam engine. For, indeed many other inventions which play an important role to encourage the development of the Industrial Revolution. For example, development of mining, metallurgy, and various machine tools. Lifeboat which slides back and forth in a loom (John Kay's invention in 1733), or spinning tool (discovery James Hargreaves in 1764) everything happens precedes creation Watt. The vast majority of discoveries that are only a less significant improvement and none had a vital meaning in connection with bermulanya Industrial Revolution. As with the invention of the steam engine that plays an important role in the Industrial Revolution, the situation seems to be experiencing other forms. Previously, although the steam power used to turn windmills and water, principal source of mechanical power lies in human power. This factor is very limited capacity of industrial production. Thanks to the invention of the steam engine, these limitations were eliminated. A large amount of energy can now be channeled to productive things that climb with very swift. Oil embargo of 1973 made us realize how miserable if the material is reduced energy and able to paralyze the industry. This experience, at some level, encouraging us to imagine the significance of the Industrial Revolution thanks to the discovery of James Watt.
In addition to the benefits of power for factories, steam engines also have to major in other fields. In 1783, the Marquis de Jouffroy in Abbans successfully use steam engines to drive the ship. In 1804, Richard Trevithick's first steam locomotive creates. None of the models that beginners succeed commercially. Within a few decades, then either the ship or rail to produce a good revolution in the field of land and sea transportation.
The Industrial Revolution took place almost simultaneously with the American Revolution and French. Although the time it seems trivial, it now appears clear how the Industrial Revolution seemed to have outlined the meaning is far more important for human livelihoods rather than the importance of political revolution. James Watt, therefore it is classified as one of those who have an important influence in history.
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The discovery history of diesel engines

Rudolf Diesel (born in Paris, France, March 18, 1858 - died 30 September 1913 at age 55 years) was a German inventor, famous for his invention, diesel engine, He was born in Paris and died mysteriously at the ferry boat on its way to England.
Diesel developed the idea of ​​an engine compression drivers in the last decade of the 19th century and received a patent for the device on February 23, 1893. He built a working prototype in early 1897 while working at the MAN factory in Augsburg.
Diesel engines are also named in honor of his services. Originally, he was named "engine oil".
Rudolf Diesel was born with the full name of Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel was born on March 18, 1858 in Paris, France, German family of leather craftsmen. Since
childhood, he dekenal as a genius. At about the age of 20 years, in 1870, Diesel was awarded a bronze medal from the Société Pour L'Instruction Elémentaire, over several cemerlang.Tetapi his scientific work which, in the same year, Diesel family was forced to leave Paris because the French government's new policy was about foreign immigrants. Diesel father failed to obtain permission settled in France. They left and moved to London, England. Only a minute there, then leave alone Rudolf to Augsburg, Germany, to attend school and live with his uncle and aunt who also taught there as a teacher in Gewerbsschule. Soon after the Franco-German War broke out.
In 1872, Rudolf became known and recognized as a potential mechanical reliability. He completed his school in Gewerbsschule as one of the best graduates, and then proceed to the Technical University (Polytechnic Institute), Munich. German-French War was over and for the first time he can get together and reunited with his family in Paris.
Unfortunately, Rudolf can not take the final exam scholarship, in 1879 as suffering from an attack of dengue fever. However, during the lecture in Munich, he carved many brilliant achievements, among others, in 1878, along with their professor, succeeded in designing a blueprint for the steam engine with the highest efficiency that never existed until then. He also began to write several papers and published to the public. Immediately after recovery, Rudolf instead chose to work as a mechanic at the company Sulzer in Winterthour, developing ice-making machine.
Finally in 1880, Rudolf successfully completed the final test as a mechanical engineer undergraduate, graduate and become the best ever produced by the Munich Polytechnic Institute throughout its history up to now. After graduating, he decided to move settled in Paris and founded a branch of an ice making machine there. He was even willing to work without pay. However, a year later, 1881, the company appointed him director of the factory in Paris, this year he first met with Heinrich Buz, Director of Machinery Augsburger, and they agreed to test and develop a system of machining pembuas ice nodes. That same year Rudolph received his first patent certificate for invention produces klareis in the bottle.
In 1883, Rudolf began to build a large ice factory in Paris. A year later, ammonia engine development plan began. 1886, its factories spread its wings into Belgium. In 1887, the notion of ammonia absorption machine for medium-scale enterprises started to materialize. At this time Rudolf prove the theory of electromagnetic waves at high rotation per second. In 1889, Rudolf follow industrial engineering exhibition in Paris, showing off an ice maker and refrigeration. Rudolf then give a public lecture at an international congress on applied machines. She received applause and the company immediately offered him a contract of employment Lindes based in Berlin since 1890.First Diesel Engine
In 1892, Rudolf received a patent for his invention of the workings of internal combustion engine (internal combustion engine). Rudolf immediately start the project to develop what is known as dekmudian day diesel engines. And on August 10, 1893, Rudolf was succeeded in realizing his dream of the creation of the world's first diesel engine. Above findings, he get a patent numbered 608,845. In the same year published his book entitled "Theory and Construction of A Rational Heat Engine for Substitution of the Steam Engines and That Today Admitted Combustion Engines", the publisher Springer, Berlin. At the same time, Rudolf signed a contract with Augusburger, Krupp, and Sulzer, he publishes the next book, "The Theory og Nachtraege for the Diesel Engine".
Early prototype engine exhibited at the Chicago Fair, the United States and a considerable acclaim. He continued his experiments. In 1895, the Commission adopted the Patent Rights that the machine was working fine creations. He moved to Munich, in 1896. Until the beginning of next year (1897), he completed the advanced planning findings with a four-step engine (4 stroke). But the company tries to match it Deutz AG. Rudolf Krupp support that eventually led to an agreement between Deutz, Krupp and Augsburger to help Rudolf perform a series of final follow-up experiment to tune the engine findings.
That year was a busy year for Rudolf. He traveled to Scotland, then to Paris to make a single aircraft, signed a contract with Adolphus-shrubs, and then demonstrate the machines in public examples in Augsburg. Then memeberi public lecture in Kassel, inaugurated the diesel engine community association in Paris, but also faces a lawsuit over patent rights by Emil Captaine. Even had time to experience a loss in laboratory trials. However, diesel engine factory in Augsburg ultimately can be built in 1898. Four examples of initial production engines immediately on display in Munich's botanical Pekar and he successfully completed the first diesel engine with a compressor for the company Deutz AG. The temptation to come again. He had masu mental hospital in Neuwittelsbach, Munich. But the first diesel engine plant in America was completed that year. Trial came on. In the following year 1899 the first factory in Augsburg was closed for failing to achieve the target production amount. But that year also the first diesel engines used in oil drilling field in Gailizien. He fell ill more frequently.
then in the 20th century, precisely in 1900, the first diesel engine plant in London was inaugurated. Demonstration engine at the Paris Fair special attention and get the main prize. Because the more often ill, she moved to a fresh settlement in Munich in 1901. While plenty of rest, he wrote and published a new book is more philosophical than technical, entitled "Solidarismus: natürliche wirtschaftliche Erlösung der Menschen", in 1903, which show clearly the attitude and basically view as a genius engineer who also care about the issues social and environmental. Two years later, 1905, diesel engines began to be used as a railway engine. And peak performance in 1910 when he appeared at the Paris Fair in diesel engine design that powered by peanut oil fuel and oil marijuana. Two years later (1912) when the speech received a patent on these new machines, dinia noted that peling historic statement about the future of the engine running with vegetable oil fuel is biodiesel which is now known as "Der Gebrauch von Pflanzenöl unbedeuntend heute als sein mag Krafstoff . Aber derartige Produkte können im Laufe der Zeit werden wie wichtig obenso Petroleum diese und Kohle-Teer-Produkte von heute. " (Use vegetable oil as fuel for the moment seem insignificant, but in time Nati will be important as petroleum and coal products tir-present). Diesel engine was improved again by Ludwig Elsbett.
Rudolf Diesel died mysteriously and horribly in the English Channel, in 1913, fell and drowned under mysterious circumstances. Till now not known with certainty because the incident was a tragic accident.

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History of the discovery of X-ray

X-rays were first discovered by German physicist Wilhelm C. Roentgen on November 8, 1895. At that Roentgen work using tubes.
Crookes in his lab at the University of Wurzburg. He observed a green glow on the tube which previously attracted the attention of Crookes. Roentgen then try to close the tube with black paper in the hope that no visible light can pass. But after closing it turns out there is still something that can pass. Roentgen-ray Concluding that there are invisible rays that can break through the black paper.
At the time of Roentgen turn the power source cathode ray tubes for research, he found that there is a kind of fluorescent light on the screen that made daribar ium platino cyanida who happened to be nearby. If the power source turned off, the light glow is gone. Roentgen quickly realized that some kind of invisible rays that have emerged from the cathode ray tube.
Because never before known, then the ray is given the name X-rays. But to appreciate his services in this invention, there is often X-rays were also called Roentgen rays. We call it the X-ray beam
Green flame seen by Crookes, and Roentgen rays finally known that it was none other than light waves emitted by glass walls on the tube when electrons hit the wall, as a result of the dismantling of electricity through the gas remaining in the tube. At the same time it stimulates the atomic electrons in the glass to release the electromagnetic waves are very short wavelengths in the form of X-rays. Since then physicists have known that X-rays can be produced when an electron with a very high-speed crash into atoms.
Tempted by an accidental discovery, the investigation focused on the Roentgen X-rays. From the investigation that he get that X-rays to casting various kinds of chemicals. X-rays can also penetrate various materials that can not be penetrated by ordinary visible light that is already known at the time. In addition, Roentgen also could see the shadow of his hand bone on a fluorescent screen by placing a hand between cathode ray tubes and screens. From the results of subsequent investigation found that X-rays are propagating traveling straight and is not deflected by either electric field or magnetic field. For the services in finding and studying the Roentgen X-rays, then in 1901 he was awarded the Nobel Prize Physics Division for the first time given in this field. The discovery of X-rays were able to deliver to the occurrence of a fundamental change in medicine. In the normal medical, X-rays can be used for diagnosis and therapy. With the discovery of X-rays, the information about the human body became easily available without the need to perform surgical operations.
X-rays can be formed when charged particles such as electrons by atomic nuclei style influences material decelerates. X-ray which is nothing but an electromagnetic wave that is formed through a process called X-ray bremsstrahlung. X-rays are formed in this way has the highest energy equal to the kinetic energy of charged particles at the time of the slowdown.
If initially there is a beam of electrons moving into the material with the same kinetic energy, electrons may interact with atoms of that at the time and place vary. Therefore, the next electron beam usually consists of electrons that have kinetic energy is different. When in a time of slowdown and cause X-rays, X-rays that occur generally has an energy that varies according to the kinetic energy of electrons at the time of formation of X-rays and also depend on the direction they emit.
X-ray beam that is formed is very low-energy according to energyelectrons at the time cause X-rays, but there are almost equal-energy electron kinetic energy when the electrons enter the material. It said X-ray beam that is formed through this process have nirfarik energy spectrum. X-rays can also be formed in the process of moving electrons from atoms to higher energy levels leading to a lower energy level, for example, in the process of advanced photoelectric effect. X-rays formed in this way has the same energy with the energy difference between the two levels of energy-related. Because this energy is typical for each type of atom, light is formed in this process is called the characteristic X-rays, X-ray group thus has farik energy. X-ray characteristics that arise by migration of electrons from one energy level to the trajectory k, called the X-ray K lines, while leading to the trajectory l, and so on. Bremsstrahlung X-rays can be produced through the plane X-rays or particle accelerators.
Basically, the X-ray machine consists of three main parts, namely X-ray tube, high voltage source which distribute electrical voltage on both electrodes in the X-ray tube, and the regulator unit. Part X-ray machine which is the source of radiation is X-ray tube. In plane X-ray tube is usually made of glass materials have filaments which act as cathode and a target that acts as an anode. Plane X-ray tube made vacuum for electrons originating from the filament is not hindered by air molecules in its journey toward the anode. Filament in the Heat by low-voltage electric current (If) a source of electrons. If the bigger the filament current, filament temperature will be higher and result in more and more electrons are released per unit time.
Electrons are released by the filaments drawn to the anode by a potential difference large or high voltage between cathode and anode units supplied by high voltage source (potential cathode few dozen to several hundred kV or MV lower than the anode potential), these electrons hit the material generally target atomic number and high liquid drip (eg tungsten) and there bremsstrahlung process. Especially in high-energy particle accelerator or a few electrons, accelerated particles can be somewhat distorted and smashed into a wall, giving rise to bremsstrahlung on the wall. Potential difference or voltage between two electrodes determines the maximum energy of X-rays are formed, while the X-ray flux depends on the number of electrons per unit time that reach the anode of the last field is called a flow tube It is of course dependent on the filament current It. However, within certain limits, the tube voltage can also affect the flow tube. Flow tube in a plane X-ray systems are usually only have this level of magnitude in the milliampere (mA), in contrast to the large filament current in amperes level.


X-rays can be produced by a set of tools that desebut plane X-ray X-ray machine is widely used in the health sector for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes and in industry, among others, for radiography. X-rays were first discovered by German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen on November 8, 1895. At that Roentgen work using Crookes tube in his lab at the University of Wurzburg.
The process of making images of human anatomy with X-rays can be performed on the surface of photographic film. Images are formed because of differences in the intensity of X-rays on the film surface after the absorption of some X-rays by any part of the human body. The body's absorption of X-rays depends strongly on the content of the elements that exist in the organ. Human bones that are dominated by elements of Ca has a high ability to absorb X-rays. Because absorption is the X-rays that pass through the bone will give the shadow image on a different movie than the shadow image of the organs that contain only air as the lungs ato water as soft tissue in general.

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The discovery history Telegraph

Telegraph is a machine / device to send and receive messages from a distance. The word telegraph is often heard today, is largely an electric telegraph. Telegraph invented by an American man named Samuel FB Morse along with his assistant Alexander Bain.


Electric telegraph was first discovered by Samuel Thomas von Sömmering in 1809. Then in 1832, Baron Schilling made the first electric telegraph. Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber was the first to use electric telegraph for communications equipment remains in 1833 in Göttingen. The first commercial telegraph was made by William Fothergill Cooke and marketed on the Great Western Railway in England. Telegraph was patented in England in 1837. The telegram was sent at a distance of 13 mil/21 km from Paddington station to West Drayton and started operating on April 9, 1839.
In 1843, a Scottish inventor, Alexander Bain, found a tool that can be said is a first facsimile machine. He called this discovery the "recording telegraph" (teleraf recorder). Found in Bain's telegraph was able to send pictures using electric wire. In 1855, an Italian monk, Giovanni Caselli, also makes an electric telegraph that could send a message. Caselli named this discovery "Pantelegraf". Pantelegraf has been successfully used and accepted as a telegraph line between Paris and Lyon.
An electric telegraph, the first time freely invented and patented in the United States in 1837 by Samuel F. B. Morse. His assistant, Alfred Vail, Morse code that symbolizes a letter to Morse. America's first telegraph sent by Morse on January 6, 1838 through 2 miles / 3 km of wire at Speedwell Ironworks near Morristown, New Jersey. The message read "A watchman who wait are not losers" (A patient waiter is no loser) and on 24 May 1844, he sent a message "What God has created" (What hath God wrought) of the Old Supreme Court Chamber in Building House of Representatives in Washington to Mt. Clare Depot in Baltimore. Morse / Vail telegraph quickly deployed in the next 2 decades.
Cross-Atlantic cable started to try to use in 1857, 1858, and 1865. Cable in 1957 only operated a few times. The first commercial telegraph cable that is able to cross the Atlantic ocean was completed on July 18, 1866.
Australia is the world's first bridge in October 1872 via the underwater telegraph in Darwin. This raises the news to the world. Telegraph further technological advances occur in the early 1970s, when Thomas Edison invented the "two-way telegraph with two full-duplex" (full duplex two-way telegraph) and double its capacity by finding guadruplex in 1874. Edison's U.S. patent register at the institution and successfully patented duplex telegraph on 1 September 1874.

The discovery history Typewriter

Modern typewriter is a development of the typewriter that was originally created in a simple and gradual. The discovery of this technology involves inventors who work independently, either individually or in groups, which raises antarpenemu competition for decades. This is the same as the discovery of the telephone, where a number of people each contributed to the discovery of this typewriter and ultimately create a successful commercial product.The discovery of the typewriter started in 1714, when Henry Mill obtained a patent for creating a machine that resembles a typewriter. In addition, there are also the discovery of carbon paper by Pellegrino Turri which is one of the forerunner of the typewriter components. In 1829, William Justin Burt created a machine called a "typowriter", known as the first typewriter. However, these machines work longer than writing by hand, so that Burt could not find a buyer or a party companies that want to buy the patent rights. This causes the machine can not be produced for the commercial. Typewriter is used in a way round, not the buttons to select the character, so-called "index typewriter" rather than "typewriter keyboard."In mid 1800, the global can be seen an increase in business communication. This incident created a need for a mechanical process, so that the writing process becomes faster. In the year 1829 to 1870, the discovery of typewriters in many emerging countries of Europe and America, but no one managed to make a typewriter into a commercially produced product. Then in 1855, Giuseppe Ravizza, an Italian citizen, created a prototype typewriter. In the end, in 1861, Father Francisco João de Azevedo, a Brazilian priest, creating its own typewriter. This finding raises the claim that he is a true inventor of the typewriter. These claims are then caused controversy. In between the years 1864 until 1867, Peter Mitterhofer, an Austrian carpenter, has developed several prototype models of a typewriter and it can function fully in 1867.In 1865, Rev. Rasmus Malling-Hansen to create "Hansen Writing Ball," which later became the first typewriter sold commercially in 1870. Based on the explanations in the book "Who is the Inventor of the Writing Ball" in 1865, the keyboard used in the typewriter is made of ceramic. In the standard setting process keyboard occurred several experimental stages in the placement of buttons different letters. Experiments on the placement of these buttons aims to achieve the highest write speeds. This causes Hansen Witing Ball was the first typewriter to produce text faster than writing by hand manually. Experiments on the typewriter that ciciptakan by Malling-Hansen is still experiencing growth since 1870 until around 1880.Typewriter first time that commercial success is created by C. Latham Sholes, Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soule in 1867. This discovery then obtain patents and purchased by E. Remington and Sons, a manufacturing company. This success makes "Sholes and Glidden Type-Writer" succeeded in becoming a successful commercial product in the market. This machine is the forerunner of the typewriter keyboard layout has a "qwerty". The success of these sales create the typewriter started to be adopted by several other manufacturing companies.However, this machine was initially still has some shortcomings such as clerks can not see the direct result of typing and the difficulty will be the placement of the keys that are used to return to its original position. This then can be overcome with the advent of "visible typewriters", such as Oliver typewriter in 1895.

History of the discovery engine 4 stroke

Nikolaus August Otto was a German inventor who in 1876 created the combustion engine with four-drive, the kind used by millions of people who made since then until now. The burning of the inside of the machine is a result of careful thought and good. It used to drive a motor boat and motorcycle. He is used in various industries, and are also things that can not be separated with the invention of aircraft. (Until mengudaranya jet-engined aircraft in 1939, essentially all driven aircraft with a burner that works according to the design of Otto). But most important of what is important is its use in automobile engine movement.

Many experiments carried out to make the car before Otto creating machine. Some of the inventors, such as Siegfried Marcus (1875), Etienne Lenoir (1862), and Nicolas Joseph Cugnot (around 1769), has managed to make a model that can move. However, due to shortages on the type of machines - that can combine between lightness and high speed - none of the models that have a practical meaning to use. However, within a period of fifteen years since Otto creates combustion engine with four drive, two different inventor, Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler, each individually make cars that are practical and salable in the market. But, obviously, millions of cars in the last century 99% use a combustion engine with four impulse.
The invention generally provide opportunities for the benefit of humanity. Harm due to the spread of private cars there are also clear. Noise arises, arises pollution (contamination) of air, there was shrinking fuel source, melonjaklah deaths each year, at least defective. However, concurrent with that also, we will never have the presumption to let the car grow if it had not brought big profits. Flexible personal car use, more infinite than public transport. Unlike trains, either above or below ground, vehicles can be used when a private car rather, to serve the business from door to door. Fast, fun, useful for transportation. The presentation may not be limited to where we want to be and how we want to use the time, by itself increase personal freedom.
For how much profit and loss caused by private cars is debatable, no one can deny that the car carrying a big influence for our civilization. The car owners have a range of motion and greater facility than without it. Car expanding possibilities of choices where we have to work and where we should be. Thanks to the car, which had been avail-profit can only tasted the city can now also enjoy rural population. (This may be a major cause of rural development in recent decades, and also related to the declining number of small towns in the United States).
Nikolaus August Otto was born in 1832 in the town of Holzhausen, Germany. His father died when he was a kid. He's a good school, but dropped out of school when sixteen years old, started working and had business experience. Soon he was working at the grocery store in a small town, then became clerk in Frankfurt. After that he became traveling salesman, jumping from place to place hawking merchandise. Around the year 1860 Otto to the news of the discovery of gas engine driven by Etienne Lenoir (1822-1900), the first combustion engine that can move. Otto realized, if only Lenoir engine can use liquid fuel, it must be more efficient, because they do not need anymore about exhaust gas. Otto then designed a carburetor, but his creation is rejected by the patent office because of similar devices have been contrived people.
Otto pursue perfection Lenoir's creation. In 1861 it occurred to him the idea of ​​a new model of the basic machine that moves on the basis of four rounds encouragement. Month January 1862 Otto making machine. But he faces various obstacles difficulties, especially in terms of combustion to mempraktiskan machine. Soon this job abandonment. Instead, he developed what is called "air machine" as a refinement step with the two impulse engines driven by gas. She patented in 1863 and shortly afterwards to a partner, Eugene Langen, who mencukonginya. They make a small factory and continue the improvement of engine design. In 1867 two machine encouragement to medal in the "World Fair" in Paris. After that the company's sales and profits soar abundant. In 1872 he was hired Gottlieb Daimler, a brilliant engineer who had plenty of experience in factory management to facilitate the production of the engine.
Otto engine used by auto pioneer Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz. Daimler's first car powered six horse power sold to the Prince Wales.Mobil 'Benzine Buggy "patented in 1895. Despite the benefits achieved by selling the machine with two drive was nice, Otto can not escape from his dream of making a machine with four drive that compresses a mixture of oil and air before the combustion engine will be an improvement Lenoir. The first model of this engine produced in May 1876 and obtained a patent a year later. The advantage is clear, because it quickly it can market. More than 30,000 machines sold within ten years and all engine versions Lenoir excluded entirely. Patents Otto is a case in 1886. A French Alphonse Beau de Rochas had a similar idea in 1862 and has been patent. Therefore, instead of Otto loses its patent rights, even the engine market craze. When Otto died in 1891 he was in a state success.
Meanwhile in 1882, Gottlieb Daimler broke away from the company, because he took the decision would memprodusir engines for bicycles. By 1883, he succeeded in creating a machine with complete combustion systems, capable of moving the machine with the speed of 700-900 rounds per minute. (Machine Model Otto on top speed of 180-200 revolutions per minute). Daimler trying desperately to make engines for bicycles, which means the world's first motorcycle. The next year Daimler made the first fourth-wheel car. No warning, Karl Benz three-wheeler menggebraknya make a few months before him. Benz cars, as well as the Daimler, driven by the engine version of Otto. Benz Cars can drive in the engine speed below 400 revolutions per minute, this is sufficient to be considered a practical car. Benz continued to refine his car diligently and successfully to market in recent years. Gottlieb Daimler began marketing the car a little further back than Benz and he was successful.
Combustion engines in cars is a very important discovery. From all these discoveries Otto is very very important. Development is markedly Otto brings perfection. Prior to 1876, when Otto created the engine, improvements to the car that practically almost impossible. After 1876, it opened the possibility. By itself, Nikolaus August Otto could not but was one change to the modern world.

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