History of the Titanic

Everyone must know and never watched Titanic, interesting is not it? Originally, the Titanic itself is a passenger ship owned by White Star Line, was built at Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, Northern Ireland, designed to rival the Lusitania and the Mauretania of the Cunard Line. Titanic, along with her sister ship Olympic, Olympic and Britannic which will be made (originally named Gigantic, aims to become the largest and most luxurious ship ever built.

Making the RMS Titanic, funded by the American tycoon, JP Morgan and his company International Mercantile Marine Co.., Beginning on March 31, 1909. Titanic Agency batches on May 31, 1911, and equipment in the finish on March 31 next year. Titanic along 269 meters (882 feet 9 inches) and 28 meters (92 feet 6 inches) wide, 46,328 tons dead weight, and height of the water surface to the deck as high as 18 meters (60 feet). Although he covers a lot of dead weight room and with great power, of Titanic as long as the Olympic boat.

Titanic has two engines with four cylinders, three propellers, and one low pressure Parsons turbine that drives the three propellers. There are 29 boiler is heated by 159 coal furnace capable of producing speeds up to 23 knots (43 km / h). Only three of the four chimneys tall ships 19 meters (63 feet) that function; chimney of the fourth is used as an air hole, and to show the greatness of the ship. Titanic ship capable of carrying 3547 passengers and crew, because he also sent a letter, the name given the addition of the preposition as well as RMS and steamers - the SS (Steam Ship).

At the time, facilities and luxury can not be matched. It offers a swimming pool, gymnasium, Turkish baths, a library and squash arena. The main classroom is decorated entirely with wood paneling, plush furnishings and other beautiful jewelry. He offers three lifts for use first class passengers and, one innovation at that time, one lift for second-class passenger.

Titanic regarded as the pinnacle of marine architecture and technological achievement. He is considered by the magazine as a ship Ship Builders are "almost impossible to sink." Titanic is divided into 16 watertight room with doors that give the electric locking and will close at the push of a button from the deck of the ship, though, did not deter the entire ship bulkhead deck height (only up to Deck-E). Titanic could float well despite the two living room filled with water or water filled the first four sections. If more than that then it will sink.


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Rock music history

The history of rock music has a diverse origin. In the early 1950s the debate about the roots of rock and roll this. Rock music basically explored and developed by many people but the roots of rock music's most powerful is the blues music and rhythm. Rhythm and blues and memproduski a song which some claimed as the first rock and roll song titled 'Rocket '88' by Jackie Brenston.
Over time, black music is considered as a musical 'race' began to be liked. White listeners also listen to the songs R & B and buy rekamanan 'race' is. The entry of black music to the ears of mainstream audiences popularize Motown, a special label for black music that became the biggest pop music in the 1960s. However, most white listeners only listen to black music when the songs are sung by the singer re white.
In the late 1950s and early 1960s kebanayakn young listeners hear a mix of rock and roll, pop and R & B. Rock however is still viewed as a kind of music himself until the late 1960s with the Motown, the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and the flow of hard rock like Led Zeppelin and Jimi HendrixSejarah rock music has a diverse origin. In the early 1950s the debate about the roots of rock and roll this. Rock music basically explored and developed by many people but the roots of rock music's most powerful is the blues music and rhythm. Rhythm and blues and memproduski a song which some claimed as the first rock and roll song titled 'Rocket '88' by Jackie Brenston. Over time, black music is considered as a musical 'race' began to be liked. White listeners also listen to the songs R & B and buy rekamanan 'race' is. The entry of black music to the ears of mainstream audiences popularize Motown, a special label for black music that became the biggest pop music in the 1960s. However, most white listeners only listen to black music when the songs are sung by the singer re white. In the late 1950s and early 1960s kebanayakn young listeners hear a mix of rock and roll, pop and R & B. Rock however is still viewed as a kind of music himself until the late 1960s with the Motown, the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and the flow of hard rock like Led Zeppelin and Jimi Hendrix

Rock music is one genre in the repertoire of popular music world that is usually dominated by vocals, guitar, drums and bass. many also with the addition of instruments such as keyboard, piano and synthesizer. Rock music usually has a strong beat and is dominated by guitars, both electric and acoustic.
The foundation of rock music is rock and roll and rockabilly in the 50s era. in the late 60s a lot of mixing other musical genres with rock music. Folk music mixed into Folk Rock, Blues Music blues mixed into rock and jazz music into Jazz-Fussion Rock. And in the 70s rock evolved into several subgenres such as soft rock, hard rock, heavy metal and punk. In the '80s growing again several subgenres like glam metal, synth rock, thrash metal, hardcore punk, alternative rock. In the era of a new subgenre of 90s grunge style rock, britpop, indie rock, piano rock and nu metal.




Here are some big flows in rock music




Hard Rock

Genre of rock music that is rooted in the music mid 60a of garage and psychedelic rock and many keterpengaruhan of blues music. Hard rock dominated by electric guitar, bass guitar and drums. The role of the guitarist is usually divided into two: lead guitar and rythm guitar, lead guitar solo guuitar will feature in some parts of the song while the guitar rythm role more as a complement to lead guitar. Bass guitar and drum work to build the structure of hard rock music itself. Some of the leading hard rock bands like: AC / DC, AC / DC, Aerosmith, The Who, Thin Lizzy, Guns N 'Roses, Nazareth, Van Halen and Kiss, while bands like led zeppelin and deep purple is the "crossing borders" between hard rock and heavy metal


Heavy Metal

Actually, hard rock and heavy metal is not much different in terms of music so much crossing the boundary between the two, heavy metal music just as fast in his music. Music was spearheaded by led zeppelin, deep purple and black sabbath. successors such as Judas Priest, Iron maiden, metallica, Megadeth, Slayer, WASP, etc.. Characteristic themes of the lyrics of heavy metal is all about sex, violence, fantasy and mystical.


Punk Rock

This flow is more on youth rebellion against the establishment. punk rock more on ideology than musical ability, like if we listen to sex pistols lagu2 very ancur and without harmonization even in his live performances are often replaced bass player behind the screen because the original is usually drunk've definitely very heavy and very inconsequential really-really. The pioneers of this music is the Ramones, Sex Pistols, and The Clash successor lot like a 2000s-era green day but less wild.


Glam Metal

Often also referred to as a Hair Metal band because of the tendency of his long hair and dresses are glamorous style and her makeup. in glam metal music not much different except that heavy metal is no difference in the lyrics that are more likely to hedonistic as the problem of sex, drink and drugs. Bands that went into this flow is Motley Crue, deff lepard, quiet riot, dokken, twisted sister, poison, cinderella, warrant, Bon Jovi, etc..


Many more flow in the rock that has not been discussed but will be too long and boring, the point is to know the history and philosophy of music makes us do not directly and immediately proclaimed a song to get into rock music like the song Isabella works search, a Malay song clad guitar distortion. Also do not let the Ledek "face taut (frightening), music lax (-moaned moan)

Ska music history

Is a World War II that changed everything. British power against countries colony collapse before the World War II and divided at the mid period of war. Memeberikan England independence to the countries under pressure from the colonies after the colonial government. In 1962 Jamaica formed their own government,
although still remain as the Commonwealth. Jamaican Culture & music began to reflect the new optimism and aspirations of the people are liberal. Since 40'an Jamaica had adopted and adapted many forms of American music. At the time of World War II ended, there were countless bands in Jamaica playing dance music. Groups like Eric Deans Orchestra, with trombonisnya Don Drummond and master guitarist Ernest Ranglin influenced by American jazz musicians such as Count Bassie, Erskine Hawkins, Duke Ellington, Glenn Miller and Woody Herman. Ditahun 50'an fame jazz bands in America replaced by small groups who tend to play rhythm & bop / rhythm & blues sound. Jamaican musicians who often visited the American pattern of game is affected and bring it to their original music. Local bands in Jamaica such as Count Smith the Blues Blaster, Sir Nick the Champ & Tom The Great Sebastian began playing this new style. Ditahun 1954, the biggest show was first held in the town of Kingston in the Ward Theatre. Bands that played traditional-folk-mento rhythm Calypso took part & very often the bands are filled event at the hotels that exist in Jamaica and around the island. At the end of the year 50'an influences of jazz, R & B, and mento (a form of Calypso music) fused into a single new form called 'shuffled'. Shuffled rhythm gained popularity thanks to the hard work of musicians such as Neville Esson, Owen Grey, The Overtakers & The Matador Allstars. Many studios and record companies who have developed and continue to strive to find new talent. The Jamaican Broadcasting Corporation began stimulating young musicians through events broadcast on the radio. Two people are very influential in the development of music in Jamaica in 50'an was Duke Reid & Clement Seymour Dodd. Together with his wife, Duke Reid has a shop 'Treasure Island Liquor' is located on the street Bond (Bond Street). Reid was known as 'The Trojans', taken from the text contained in his truck. Trucks used to transport goods for his store. Dodd named his own soundsystem 'Sir Coxsone Downbeat' taken from the name of the cricketer from Yorkshire, Coxsone. Throughout the end of the decade, the two men lead the competition in the music business. While Coxsone closer to the 'Ghetto' (village inhabited certain people or groups) is Reid who was awarded as the 'King of sound & blues' at the Success Club (ceremony) in 1956, 1957, 1958. In 1962, a time when Jamaica is being devoted to imitating American music, Cecil Bustamente Campbell, later known by the name 'Prince Buster', knew that something new is needed at the time. He had his guitarist Jah Jerry who later experimented in music with emphasis' beats' afterbeat 'rather than' downbeat '. Until now become the essence of beats afterbeat singkop (exchange rhythm) typical of Jamaica. Ska was born. Sound / recording studios began to record their work hasi. By not giving the label on vinyl (LPs) with the aim that memperolehkeuntungan among its competitors. So that others can not see what's being played & 'steal' for their own sondsystem. War between the soundsystem was peaking up to the time the donors are threatened by a bunch of people who cause problems. These people are called 'Dance Hall Crashers'. Although Mono Recording facilities are still primitive, is the determination of ska music that enthusiasm will allow for the commercial music of Jamaica for the first time. And the fact that ska was known as Jamaican folk dance music. Throughout the year 60'an ghetto areas of Jamaica filled by young men seeking work. At that time, very hard in the can. At first the boys are not interested in ska music optimism. Young men are creating a group identity as 'Rude Boy' (a trend among the youth has ever occurred in the early period 40'an) Being 'Rude' means to be one where people find it useful. Ska dance style of the Rude Boy has its own characteristics, much more quietly, with the behavior as if to punch someone. Rude Boy has connectivity with 'Scofflaws' (people who always oppose the law) and other criminal world. This is reflected in the lyrics of ska songs. (Note: stylish appearance Rude dress with pants that mengatung only ankle). Ska music once again changed to reflect the 'mood of the rude' with more tension in the bass to suit the style of the previous free-walking bass style '. Many flocked to try his fortune in the city of Kingston to gain fame in the music industry are turning to cannabis when the seller fails and diminishing capital. Many also are involved in the criminal world (depicted in the film 'The Harder They Come', played by Jimmy Cliff ... this movie tells about the journey of life is believed Jimmy Cliff) Two political parties that exist in Jamaica forming armed Banser. Public opinion had led to opposition to the group Rude Boy & the use of firearms. Regulation of firearm ownership was traced back after going through a period where home ownership is allowed weapons do not cause unrest in society. Anyone who has an illegal firearm, punishable by life imprisonment Artist & producer support even 'forgive' on the behavior of the group Rude Boys through Ska music. Support for not using firearms is reflected in songs like "Lawless Street" from the group Soul Brothers, "Gunmen coming to town" The Heptones. Duke Reid produced one of the ska group The Rude Boys (Shuffling Down Bond Street) CS Dodd, too, produced the young group who envisioned themselves as 'rudies': the group The Wailers (Bob Marley, Peter Tosh, Bunny Wailer). Prince Buster invented the mythical character Judge Dread Rude. The song "007 Shanty Town" sung by Desmond Dekker is a brilliant work in documenting the behavior of Rude Boy into a song (successfully entered the order of the charts to 14 in the UK Charts) Rude boy themes still dominate throughout the period of ska, and its popularity peaked during the summer of 1964. Beat to a slower ska & rocksteady was born. The first wave ska ended in 1968 (Rocksteady is the other story: Rocksteady gave birth to reggae music. The popularity of Reggae music in the UK distributed by Skinheads, the group adopted the Rastafarian reggae music & the lyrics of his songs tend to be theme of the teachings of Rastafari & views Relijiusnya, also Reggae developed into a 'Dub', 'Dancehall', & so on ... and so on ...)

History of discovery by Alfred Bernhard Nobel Dynamite

Dynamite is one of the types of bombs or explosives are very dangerous. although dangerous but more dangerous dynamite hell. hehehehehehe, want to know how the story of the origin of the dynamite which was greatly feared the emergence of this? The following story ................
Name: Alfred Bernhard Nobel Born: Stockholm, Sweden, October 21, 1833 Achievements: Founder of the Nobel Prize and Raw Materials Explosives (Dynamite) Father: Immanuel Nobel
Background Alfred was born on October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden. His father was Immanuel Nobel and his mother was Andriette Ahlsell Nobel. Alfred's father is an engineer and inventor, he built bridges, buildings, and experimenting with various ways in blasting rocks. Alfred had two older brother, namely Robert (born 1829) and Ludvig (born 1831). In the same year when Alfred was born, his father lost business and closed. In 1837, Immanuel Nobel decided to try his luck elsewhere and moved to Finland and Russia. Alfred's mother stayed in Stockholm caring for her family. Alfred's mother - who come from wealthy families - began to open grocery stores. From there he could support his family.
Move to Russia Meanwhile, businesses in St Immanuel Nobel. Petersburg, Russia began to climb. It has opened a machine shop that supplies equipment for Russian soldiers. He also made the Russian Tsar and his generals believed that sea mines can be used to repel enemy ships and attack St. Petersburg. Mines that dispels the United Kingdom entered the Navy firing range St. Petersburg during the Crimean War (1853-1856). Because success in Russia, now Immanuel could move his family to St. Louis. Petersburg (in 1842). In 1843, Andriette birth son named Emil. The son of Noble received education from a tutor. They accept a variety of subjects such as natural sciences, languages ​​and literature. At age 17, Alfred was fluent and writes in Swedish, Russian, French, English and German. Travelling abroad Alfred was very interested in the fields of language, chemistry, and physics. His father wanted to follow in his footsteps and do not appreciate the talent in the poetry of Alfred. He decided to send his son abroad to study and become a chemical engineer. In Paris, Alfred worked in the private laboratory of Professor TJ Pelouze, famous chemists. There he met the Italian chemist, Ascanio Sobrero. After the first three years, Sobrero has found nitroglycerine, a liquid high explosive, which was considered too dangerous to use. Alfred became very interested in nitroglycerine and its use in construction work. When he returned to Russia after his studies, he worked with his father to develop nitroglycerine as an explosive material that is commercially and technically useful.
Back to Sweden After the Crimean War ended, Alfred's father's business he decided to resign and return to Sweden. Second brother Alfred, Robert and Ludvig, stayed in Russia to try to manage the family business heritage. They succeed and continue to develop the oil industry in southern Russia. After the return of the Nobel family to Sweden 1863, Alfred concentrate developing nitroglycerine as an explosive. Unfortunately, this experiment led to the disaster which killed several people including his brother, Emil. The Swedish government decided to ban this experiment in Stockholm city limits. Alfred did not stop and continued his experiments on a barge on Lake Mälaren. In 1864, he could begin mass production of nitroglycerin, but he did not stop the experiment with a variety of additional materials to secure production. The inventor of dynamite Alfred finds his experiments-that-through a mixture of nitroglycerin with kieselguhr fine soil will change the liquid into a paste that can be formed into the shaft, which then included in the drill hole. This discovery occurred in 1866. Alfred obtain a patent on this material the following year. He called it dynamite. He also found a detonator or blasting cap that can be lit with the light axis. This discovery was made while wearing the crown of the diamond drill and drill the wind started to be used in general. Used together, the discoveries that help reduce the losses a lot of construction work such as drilling channels, rock blasting, bridge construction, and so forth. Factories in many places Dynamite and detonator cap behavior in the construction industry. Therefore, Alfred can build factories in 90 different places. He lived in Paris but often travel to factories in more than 20 countries. He once described as "Europe's richest vagabond". He worked intensively in San Remo (Italy), Hamburg (Germany), Ardeer (Scotland), Paris and Sevran (France), Karlskoga and Stockholm (Sweden). He also tried to make rubber and synthetic leather and artificial silk. In addition, he also makes gelatin, balistit, artificial gemstones, and others. Until his death in 1896, he has obtained 355 patents Bertha von Suttner Alfred never married. One day, he announced in newspapers to recruit a secretary. Women Austria-Hungary which Bertha Kinsky von und Chinic Tettau take the job. After working in a short time, he returned to Austria to marry Prince Arthur von Suttner. Alfred and Bertha Sophie Felicitas Baronin von Suttner became permanent friends and corresponded for years. Berthapun active in peace movements. He wrote a book Dispose of your weapon. When writing his will to establish the Nobel Prizes, Alfred Nobel prizes for entering the body or individuals who promote peace Death and the Nobel Prize Alfred died in San Remo, Italy on December 10, 1896. In his last will and testament, he wrote that a lot of wealth can be used to give prizes to those who have made humanitarian efforts in the field of physics, chemistry, literature, peace, physiology and medicine. Not everyone likes this. His relatives contested his will and questioned by authorities in several countries, and takes four years for supervisors to convince all parties to meet the expectations of Alfred. In 1901, the first Nobel prize in physics, chemistry, literature, physiology and medicine were distributed in Stockholm, Sweden and the Nobel Peace Prize in Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway Nobel Discovery Benefits 1. Explosives are very useful in the manufacture of dynamite to the defense of each State. 2. The raw material of dynamite can also be used in the manufacture of weapons by a certain type. 3. The use of explosives such as dynamite useful in blasting rocks and mining. 4. Nobel discovery is what led to the birth of more terrible series of explosive that is nuclear. 5. Is pioneering the creation of a tool - a useful tool for humans, for example korekapi. 6. Kegiantanya can help people in everyday situations, for military troops explosives just to cut steel or wood, the destruction of enemy forces or mobilization of troops and other sabotage. 7. Negative impact from Nobel discovery 1. Misuse of explosives, causing loss 2. The emergence of the terrorists who use explosives to bomb the interest group with an area of ​​enemy. 3. The emergence of various wars that use explosives 4. Timbunya criminal cases who use firearms 5. Environmental damage, especially if used to bomb fish, coral reef ecosystem is damaged. 6. If there was an explosion, the effect will stay in that area so would disrupt the balance of nature. The impact of the discovery is so dangerous that the Nobel laureate gave all his property to world peace and the Nobel prize as his guilt.
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The discovery history Telegraph

Telegraph is a machine / device to send and receive messages from a distance. The word telegraph is often heard today, is largely an electric telegraph. Telegraph invented by an American man named Samuel FB Morse along with his assistant Alexander Bain.


Electric telegraph was first discovered by Samuel Thomas von Sömmering in 1809. Then in 1832, Baron Schilling made the first electric telegraph. Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber was the first to use electric telegraph for communications equipment remains in 1833 in Göttingen. The first commercial telegraph was made by William Fothergill Cooke and marketed on the Great Western Railway in England. Telegraph was patented in England in 1837. The telegram was sent at a distance of 13 mil/21 km from Paddington station to West Drayton and started operating on April 9, 1839.
In 1843, a Scottish inventor, Alexander Bain, found a tool that can be said is a first facsimile machine. He called this discovery the "recording telegraph" (teleraf recorder). Found in Bain's telegraph was able to send pictures using electric wire. In 1855, an Italian monk, Giovanni Caselli, also makes an electric telegraph that could send a message. Caselli named this discovery "Pantelegraf". Pantelegraf has been successfully used and accepted as a telegraph line between Paris and Lyon.
An electric telegraph, the first time freely invented and patented in the United States in 1837 by Samuel F. B. Morse. His assistant, Alfred Vail, Morse code that symbolizes a letter to Morse. America's first telegraph sent by Morse on January 6, 1838 through 2 miles / 3 km of wire at Speedwell Ironworks near Morristown, New Jersey. The message read "A watchman who wait are not losers" (A patient waiter is no loser) and on 24 May 1844, he sent a message "What God has created" (What hath God wrought) of the Old Supreme Court Chamber in Building House of Representatives in Washington to Mt. Clare Depot in Baltimore. Morse / Vail telegraph quickly deployed in the next 2 decades.
Cross-Atlantic cable started to try to use in 1857, 1858, and 1865. Cable in 1957 only operated a few times. The first commercial telegraph cable that is able to cross the Atlantic ocean was completed on July 18, 1866.
Australia is the world's first bridge in October 1872 via the underwater telegraph in Darwin. This raises the news to the world. Telegraph further technological advances occur in the early 1970s, when Thomas Edison invented the "two-way telegraph with two full-duplex" (full duplex two-way telegraph) and double its capacity by finding guadruplex in 1874. Edison's U.S. patent register at the institution and successfully patented duplex telegraph on 1 September 1874.

History of labor day

Every May 1, the workers from around the world commemorate the great event demonstration of the workers in the United States in 1886, which demanded the implementation of eight hours of work. May 1, this is what is known as May Day!
This demand associated with the current environment, when the workers were forced to work for 12 to 16 hours per day. Large demonstrations that took place since April 1886 was initially supported by around 250 thousand workers.
Within two weeks enlarged to around 350 thousand workers. City of Chicago is the heart of the movement followed by about 90 thousand workers. In New York, the same demonstration was followed by about 10 thousand workers, in Detroit followed by 11 thousand workers.
Demonstrations also spread to various cities such as Louisville and Baltimore demonstration unite white and black workers. Until May 1, 1886, demonstrations spread from Maine to Texas, and from New Jersey to Alabama, followed by half a million workers in the country.
These developments also provoked a great reaction from the business people and local government officials at that time. Through Chicago's Commercial Club, spent approximately U.S. $ 2,000 to purchase equipment in order to deal with machine gun demonstrations. Peaceful demonstration demanding the reduction of working hours is over with the victims and the unrest. About 180 police confronting demonstrations and ordered that the demonstrators disperse.
A bomb exploded near the cordon. The police were indiscriminate firing workers who were demonstrating. As a result the victim fell from the unions on May 3, 1886, four workers were killed and dozens others injured.
With allegations of involvement in the bombing of eight labor activists were arrested and imprisoned. As a result of this action, the police apply the prohibition against any worker demonstrations.
But the workers do not simply give up and in 1888 returned to action with the same demands. In addition, also decided to re-do the demonstration on May 1, 1890.
The series of demonstrations that occurred at the time, not only in the United States. In fact, according to Rosa Luxemburg (1894), a demonstration demanding the reduction of working hours to 8 hours per day are in fact diinsipirasikan by similar demonstrations that occurred previously in Australia in 1856.
Demands the reduction of working hours is also a stopover in Europe. At that time, the labor movement in central Europe rose. Of course, this phenomenon is increasingly thicken the unity within the labor movement as the world in a struggle.
Monumental events that became the pinnacle of world unity of the labor movement is the operation of the International Labor Congress in 1889. The Congress was attended by hundreds of delegates from various countries and decided eight hours of work per day to the main demands of the workers throughout the world.
In addition, Congress also welcomed the proposal of the delegation of workers from the United States which calls for general strike May 1, 1890 to demand the reduction of working hours by making the May 1 as Labor Day World

Eight hours / day or 40 hours / week (five working days) have been determined to be of international labor standards by the ILO through the ILO Convention no. 01 in 1919 and the Convention no. 47, 1935. Especially for the convention no. 47, 1935, until now, only 14 countries that signed the convention.

Enactment of the convention is an international recognition which indirectly represents the fruit of the struggle of the workers all the world to get a decent job.

Determination of 8 hours of work per day as one of the main provisions in labor industrial relations is a marker of the end of the forms of forced labor and slavery are hiding behind industrial relations.

The problem this time, more and more workers are forced to work more than 8 hours per day. This is caused by a worsening crisis of imperialism that suppress wages and increase the cost of basic necessities for life.

In Indonesia, the celebration of May Day as a holiday has been officially abolished through the issuance of Law Number 13 of 2003. Indirectly, the victory of May 1 workers' movement suffered a sharp decline. Increasingly disappearing.

History of computer invention

Computer is a tool that is very familiar to us. Computer always helped us in completing our task and our jobs every day. But do you know how the history of the discovery of this computer?? The following story ... ...

Charles Babbage is one of the scientists in the world, which has a lot to give his work on human life, especially the computer field. Calculating machines (Difference Engine No. 1) which was discovered by Charles Babbage (1791-1871) was one of the most famous icon in the history of computers and is the first automatic calculator. Babbage also famous with the nickname of the father of the computer. The Charles Babbage Foundation, using his name to appreciate its contribution to the world of computers. Want to know more biography and his works? Please continue reading this article ...
Charles Babbage was born in what is now known as Southwark, London, December 26, 1791, son of Benjamin Babbage, a banker. The surplus in mathematics is very prominent. When entering Trinity College in Cambridge in 1811, she found that her math skills are much better, even than his own tutor.
At the age of 20 years Babbage worked as a mathematician, especially in the field of calculus functions. 1816, he was elected as a member of the "Royal Society" (an independent academic organization of science and the United Kingdom, is still active until now) and play an important role in the foundation "Astronomical Society" (organization of Astronomy and Geophysics Britain, is still active until now) in the year 1820. At this time became interested in Babbage's calculating machine, which continued until his death.
1821 Babbage created the Difference Engine, a machine that can sort the table Mathematics. When the machine is complete in 1832, Babbage got the idea about a better machine, which will be able to finish not just one type but different types of arithmetic operations. This machine called the Analytical Engine (1856), which was intended as a general symbol pemanipulasi machine, as well as having some characteristics of modern computers. Among them is the use of punched cards, a memory unit to enter numbers, and various other computer basic elements.
The work of Babbage less so famous until one day he met with Ada, Countess of Lovelace, daughter of Lord Byron. Babbage first met at an event on 6 June 1833. Nine years later, Luigi Federico Manabrea (an engineer from Italy) explained how the Analytical Engine. This work was later translated and added notes by Ada Lovelace in 1843. From that point people began to recognize the work of Charles Babbage.
But unfortunately, only a few remaining relics of the Difference Engine prototype machine, because the engine needs to exceed the technology available at that time. And even though Babbage's work appreciated by the various institutions of science, the British government suspended funding for the Difference Engine in 1832, and eventually stopped entirely in 1842. Similarly, the Difference Engine which is only realized in the plan and design.
Year 1828 until 1839, Babbage's degree medapat the Lucasian chair of mathematics (the most prestigious title of professor of mathematics in the world) from the University of Cambridge. In addition to calculating machines, Babbage also provides various other contributions. Among them create a modern postal system in England, set the table first reliable insurance, find Locomotive cowcather (triangle-shaped structure at the front of the train, which can clean the tracks of the disorder) and some other. In addition, Babbage also contribute ideas in economics and politics.
Charles Babbage was also an expert in cryptanalysis that successfully solve Vigenere cipher (cipher polyalphabet). Cleverness is actually being held since 1854, after he managed to defeat the challenge to solve ciphernya Thwaites. However, this does not he publish his findings so that newly discovered in the 20th century when the experts examine the notes-notes (text, notes) Babbage.
Behind all his success, failure in making the calculation engine and the failure of government assistance to him, left Babbage in disappointment and sadness at the end of his life. Babbage died at his home in London on October 18, 1871.

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Discovery history train

The train is a super cheap super car fast. Because the pricing is affordable railway becomes the favorite for the public transport vehicle. Trains can be shot at speeds almost like the speed of sound. Did you know how the history of the creation of a train?
Just as the history of transportation generally beginning with the invention of the wheel. Initially known for horse-drawn carriage which consists of only one train, then made a draw the carriage of more than one circuit and run at a particular point or rail made of iron, called the railroad. It is used especially
in mining areas where there are lorries coupled and drawn by horse power.

Based on the records of Wikipedia, after James Watt invented the steam engine in 1769, Nicolas Cugnot at the same time making three-wheeled vehicle fuel vapor. The people calling the vehicle as an iron horse. Then in 1804, Richard Trevithick made locomotive engine coupled with the train and use it on the show in front of the general public. George Stephenson perfected the locomotive that won the race and the racing locomotive used in the path of Liverpool-Manchester, England

At that time steam locomotive that used constructed grasshoppers. Completion for the improvements made to obtain a more effective steam locomotive, powered, and able to attract more train.

The discovery of electricity by Michael Faraday made several discoveries that followed the discovery of electric appliances electric motors. The electric motor is then used to make electric tram which is the origin of electric railway. Then in 1892, Rudolf Diesel, diesel trains create a more powerful and more efficient than steam locomotives.

Along with the development of electrical and magnetic technology is more advanced, they invented the magnetic train has a speed above the speed of regular trains. Japan in the 1960s to operate the Super Express Train Shinkanzen with Tokyo-Osaka route which eventually developed more so to reach almost all of Japan. Then the French operate trains with names similar to the TGV.

Some of the Railway Line
There are several types of rail or rail. For example, a monorail train (single track railway) is a railway track as the trains do not usually found. Rail consists of only one iron rod. The location of the railway is designed to hang on the rails or on the tracks. Since efficient, typically used as a means of urban transport, especially in metropolitan cities of the world and is designed much like the overpass.

Later railways surface (surface), ie trains that run above ground. Generally, trains are often met by this type of train. Construction costs for the train is the cheapest surface than below ground or a kite. In Indonesia, the railway is the most widely or frequently found.

Elevated train running above with the aid of poles, this is to avoid crossing a parcel, so as not to require a railroad crossing. The cost of about 3 (three) times from the train surface.

Subway is a train that runs beneath the surface of the ground (subway). Trains of this type built by building tunnels under the ground as the railway. Generally used in large cities like New York, Tokyo, Paris, Seoul and Moscow. Also used in smaller scale in the mining area.
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Mendut history

Mendut is one of the famous temples in Yogyakarta. Want to know how its history. Please read ya ... ... ...Mendut is a temple that was built by Buddhists. This temple is located in the village Mendut, Mungkid district, Magelang regency, Central Java, Indonesia, a few kilometers from Borobudur temple.
Mendut founded during the reign of King Indra of the dynasty dynasty. In the inscription of bertarikh Karangtengah 824 AD, was told that the king Indra has built a shrine called wenuwana which means "bamboo forest". According to Dutch archeologist named J.G. de Casparis, this word is connected with Mendut.
The temple building made of bricks covered with natural stone. The building is located on a basement high, so it looks more handsome and sturdy.The stairs go up and the entrance facing southwest. Above the basement there is the hallway that surrounds the body temple. The roof is three-tiered and decorated with small stupas. The number of small stupas built today is 48 buah.Tinggi building is 26.4 meters.
Mendut have some decorations that adorn namely, three statues in the temple Mendut, Dhyani Buddha statues enclosed Wairocana Boddhisatwa Awalokiteswara and Wajrapani.
Decoration found on Mendut form a criss-cross decoration. Decorated with carvings of celestial beings and gods gandarwa APSARA or an angel, two monkeys and a second edge of the stairs there garuda.Pada reliefs and jataka.Hariti Pancatantra story. Boddhisatwa reliefs decorated the temple walls of which Awalokiteswara, Maitreya, Wajrapāṇi and Manjusri. In the body wall of the temple there is a relief kalpataru, two angels, Hariti (a yaksi who repent and then follow the Buddha) and Āţawaka. Buddha in a position dharmacakramudra.
Inside the main temple there is a large Buddha statues of three: the Dhyani Buddha Wairocana with the attitude of the hands (mudras) dharmacakramudra. In front of Buddha statues there is a relief in the form of wheels and flanked by a pair of deer, the symbol of Buddha.
On the left there is a statue of Awalokiteswara (Padmapāņi) and the right statue Wajrapāņi. Now in front of the statue of Buddha placed hio-hio and baskets to donate. The visitors could spark an incense and pray here. 
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The discovery history Typewriter

Modern typewriter is a development of the typewriter that was originally created in a simple and gradual. The discovery of this technology involves inventors who work independently, either individually or in groups, which raises antarpenemu competition for decades. This is the same as the discovery of the telephone, where a number of people each contributed to the discovery of this typewriter and ultimately create a successful commercial product.The discovery of the typewriter started in 1714, when Henry Mill obtained a patent for creating a machine that resembles a typewriter. In addition, there are also the discovery of carbon paper by Pellegrino Turri which is one of the forerunner of the typewriter components. In 1829, William Justin Burt created a machine called a "typowriter", known as the first typewriter. However, these machines work longer than writing by hand, so that Burt could not find a buyer or a party companies that want to buy the patent rights. This causes the machine can not be produced for the commercial. Typewriter is used in a way round, not the buttons to select the character, so-called "index typewriter" rather than "typewriter keyboard."In mid 1800, the global can be seen an increase in business communication. This incident created a need for a mechanical process, so that the writing process becomes faster. In the year 1829 to 1870, the discovery of typewriters in many emerging countries of Europe and America, but no one managed to make a typewriter into a commercially produced product. Then in 1855, Giuseppe Ravizza, an Italian citizen, created a prototype typewriter. In the end, in 1861, Father Francisco João de Azevedo, a Brazilian priest, creating its own typewriter. This finding raises the claim that he is a true inventor of the typewriter. These claims are then caused controversy. In between the years 1864 until 1867, Peter Mitterhofer, an Austrian carpenter, has developed several prototype models of a typewriter and it can function fully in 1867.In 1865, Rev. Rasmus Malling-Hansen to create "Hansen Writing Ball," which later became the first typewriter sold commercially in 1870. Based on the explanations in the book "Who is the Inventor of the Writing Ball" in 1865, the keyboard used in the typewriter is made of ceramic. In the standard setting process keyboard occurred several experimental stages in the placement of buttons different letters. Experiments on the placement of these buttons aims to achieve the highest write speeds. This causes Hansen Witing Ball was the first typewriter to produce text faster than writing by hand manually. Experiments on the typewriter that ciciptakan by Malling-Hansen is still experiencing growth since 1870 until around 1880.Typewriter first time that commercial success is created by C. Latham Sholes, Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soule in 1867. This discovery then obtain patents and purchased by E. Remington and Sons, a manufacturing company. This success makes "Sholes and Glidden Type-Writer" succeeded in becoming a successful commercial product in the market. This machine is the forerunner of the typewriter keyboard layout has a "qwerty". The success of these sales create the typewriter started to be adopted by several other manufacturing companies.However, this machine was initially still has some shortcomings such as clerks can not see the direct result of typing and the difficulty will be the placement of the keys that are used to return to its original position. This then can be overcome with the advent of "visible typewriters", such as Oliver typewriter in 1895.

History of the discovery engine 4 stroke

Nikolaus August Otto was a German inventor who in 1876 created the combustion engine with four-drive, the kind used by millions of people who made since then until now. The burning of the inside of the machine is a result of careful thought and good. It used to drive a motor boat and motorcycle. He is used in various industries, and are also things that can not be separated with the invention of aircraft. (Until mengudaranya jet-engined aircraft in 1939, essentially all driven aircraft with a burner that works according to the design of Otto). But most important of what is important is its use in automobile engine movement.

Many experiments carried out to make the car before Otto creating machine. Some of the inventors, such as Siegfried Marcus (1875), Etienne Lenoir (1862), and Nicolas Joseph Cugnot (around 1769), has managed to make a model that can move. However, due to shortages on the type of machines - that can combine between lightness and high speed - none of the models that have a practical meaning to use. However, within a period of fifteen years since Otto creates combustion engine with four drive, two different inventor, Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler, each individually make cars that are practical and salable in the market. But, obviously, millions of cars in the last century 99% use a combustion engine with four impulse.
The invention generally provide opportunities for the benefit of humanity. Harm due to the spread of private cars there are also clear. Noise arises, arises pollution (contamination) of air, there was shrinking fuel source, melonjaklah deaths each year, at least defective. However, concurrent with that also, we will never have the presumption to let the car grow if it had not brought big profits. Flexible personal car use, more infinite than public transport. Unlike trains, either above or below ground, vehicles can be used when a private car rather, to serve the business from door to door. Fast, fun, useful for transportation. The presentation may not be limited to where we want to be and how we want to use the time, by itself increase personal freedom.
For how much profit and loss caused by private cars is debatable, no one can deny that the car carrying a big influence for our civilization. The car owners have a range of motion and greater facility than without it. Car expanding possibilities of choices where we have to work and where we should be. Thanks to the car, which had been avail-profit can only tasted the city can now also enjoy rural population. (This may be a major cause of rural development in recent decades, and also related to the declining number of small towns in the United States).
Nikolaus August Otto was born in 1832 in the town of Holzhausen, Germany. His father died when he was a kid. He's a good school, but dropped out of school when sixteen years old, started working and had business experience. Soon he was working at the grocery store in a small town, then became clerk in Frankfurt. After that he became traveling salesman, jumping from place to place hawking merchandise. Around the year 1860 Otto to the news of the discovery of gas engine driven by Etienne Lenoir (1822-1900), the first combustion engine that can move. Otto realized, if only Lenoir engine can use liquid fuel, it must be more efficient, because they do not need anymore about exhaust gas. Otto then designed a carburetor, but his creation is rejected by the patent office because of similar devices have been contrived people.
Otto pursue perfection Lenoir's creation. In 1861 it occurred to him the idea of ​​a new model of the basic machine that moves on the basis of four rounds encouragement. Month January 1862 Otto making machine. But he faces various obstacles difficulties, especially in terms of combustion to mempraktiskan machine. Soon this job abandonment. Instead, he developed what is called "air machine" as a refinement step with the two impulse engines driven by gas. She patented in 1863 and shortly afterwards to a partner, Eugene Langen, who mencukonginya. They make a small factory and continue the improvement of engine design. In 1867 two machine encouragement to medal in the "World Fair" in Paris. After that the company's sales and profits soar abundant. In 1872 he was hired Gottlieb Daimler, a brilliant engineer who had plenty of experience in factory management to facilitate the production of the engine.
Otto engine used by auto pioneer Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz. Daimler's first car powered six horse power sold to the Prince Wales.Mobil 'Benzine Buggy "patented in 1895. Despite the benefits achieved by selling the machine with two drive was nice, Otto can not escape from his dream of making a machine with four drive that compresses a mixture of oil and air before the combustion engine will be an improvement Lenoir. The first model of this engine produced in May 1876 and obtained a patent a year later. The advantage is clear, because it quickly it can market. More than 30,000 machines sold within ten years and all engine versions Lenoir excluded entirely. Patents Otto is a case in 1886. A French Alphonse Beau de Rochas had a similar idea in 1862 and has been patent. Therefore, instead of Otto loses its patent rights, even the engine market craze. When Otto died in 1891 he was in a state success.
Meanwhile in 1882, Gottlieb Daimler broke away from the company, because he took the decision would memprodusir engines for bicycles. By 1883, he succeeded in creating a machine with complete combustion systems, capable of moving the machine with the speed of 700-900 rounds per minute. (Machine Model Otto on top speed of 180-200 revolutions per minute). Daimler trying desperately to make engines for bicycles, which means the world's first motorcycle. The next year Daimler made the first fourth-wheel car. No warning, Karl Benz three-wheeler menggebraknya make a few months before him. Benz cars, as well as the Daimler, driven by the engine version of Otto. Benz Cars can drive in the engine speed below 400 revolutions per minute, this is sufficient to be considered a practical car. Benz continued to refine his car diligently and successfully to market in recent years. Gottlieb Daimler began marketing the car a little further back than Benz and he was successful.
Combustion engines in cars is a very important discovery. From all these discoveries Otto is very very important. Development is markedly Otto brings perfection. Prior to 1876, when Otto created the engine, improvements to the car that practically almost impossible. After 1876, it opened the possibility. By itself, Nikolaus August Otto could not but was one change to the modern world.

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inventor of the airplane

Wilbur Wright was born in 1867 in the town of Millville, Indiana. Orville Wright - his brother - born in 1871 in the city of Dayton, Ohio. Both boys are sitting in college but none earn a diploma. Both have talent in the fields of mechanics, and both are interested in the problems of human fly into the air. In 1892 they opened a store, sell, repair, and make a bike. These efforts bring in funds to continue his intentions: the investigation aeronautik sector. These brothers were engrossed in the works to pursue other aeronautik enthusiasts like: Otto Lilienthal, Octave Chanute and Samuel P. Langley. In 1899 they began working toward his own flight. In December 1903, after working hard for four years less, the results of his efforts succeeded admirably.
One may wonder to the Wright brothers to create a performance that failed to do other people. There are several reasons that make them successful. First, the two heads would be more effective than one head. Wright brothers continued to work together and Tunjang-support with very harmonious and perfect. Second, they are deftly made the decision that they first learn how to fly before trying to make the plane. At first glance it seemed contrary to the public according to size: how can learn to fly if there are no aircraft? The answer is, the Wright brothers learned to fly by using gliders.
They first observe the workings of the kite, then the launcher. The following year they brought a large gliders to Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, is sufficient to be boarded and can lift a human. The aircraft is attempted. Apparently the results are not too encouraging. They make and try to complete gliders in 1901 and was followed by fabrication in 1902. Glider third is a combination of various important discoveries them. Some of the basic patent, used in 1903, deals with it rather than gliders flew their first plane. Regarding the third gliders that they have more than a thousand times mengangkasa successfully. Both Wright brothers had a Glider pilot best and most experienced in the world before they begin to make aircraft engines.
Experience the air with gliders at the core of their third success is very important. Many people who previously had never tried to make the plane had a major concern how the creation takeoff. Wright brothers rightly realized that the main problem is how to control the aircraft after being in the air. Therefore, most of the time and attention they shed on the matter of how to achieve stability of the aircraft when it was flying. They managed to create three types of basic tools to monitor the aircraft, and this is what makes them successful in the demonstration.
The Wright brothers also gave an important contribution in terms of wing design. They are aware, previous data already published, could not hold onto. Therefore, they created their own hallways wind and tried on more than two thousand different forms of wing surface. The main core of this experiment is, the two brothers were able to make the chart itself, testifies to the air pressure on the wing depends on the shape of the wing. This information is then used in the manufacture of each aircraft wing.
Besides all their findings, the brothers Wright is not going to succeed if they can be successful not appear at the right moment in history. Experimental use of flight with the engine in the first half of the 19th century clearly tending toward failure. Steam engine clearly too heavy for aviation use. At the time of the brothers Wright appeared, processing engine combustion has been found of people. However, this machine is only for general use, too heavy for use in flight. When no one factory was capable of designing machines that are light enough, the brothers Wright (with the help of an expert machine) design your own. It shows their genius because although within a relatively short yet they are capable of designing a machine that is superior than almost any other factory-made. In addition, the Wright brothers designed their own propeller. The one that they use in 1903, 66% successful.
The first flight carried out on 17 December 1903 at Kill Devil Hill near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Each of the two brothers would make two flights on that day. The first flight, which carried Orville Wright lasted 12 seconds and reaches a distance of 120 feet. Last flight, Wilbur Wright made, lasts 59 seconds and reaches a height of 852 feet. The plane which they named Flyer I (now known by the nickname Kitty Hawk) eat the cost of manufacture is less than 1000 dollars. The plane has a wing 40 feet long and weighs about 750 pounds, measuring 12-horsepower engine weighing just 170 pounds. The original aircraft is now stored neatly in the Air and Space Museum in Washington DC
Although there are five witnesses when the first flight, relatively little was reported by the newspapers on the issue the next day (and that is generally less accurate). Own hometown newspaper in Dayton Ohio completely ignoring this business. Just five years after it realized that the common world of human flight really can happen. After their flight at Kitty Hawk, the Wright brothers returned to his hometown of Dayton. There, they design and make a second plane, Flyer II. With this second plane that they did 105 flights in 1904 without attracting public attention altogether. Flyer III airplane that has been refined and made more practical in 1905. Although they are many times the air near the city of Dayton, many people still do not believe that the name was born aircraft in the world. In the year 1906 - for example - newspapers Paris edition of The Herald Tribune article entitled Flyer reduce or Liars? (Flight or pengibulan?).
In 1908 they were finally wiped out all the hesitancy and general mistrust. Wilbur Wright flew his plane to France, make a demonstration of acrobatics in the air and organizing a company to market their creations. Meanwhile, in the United States, Orville Wright deliver similar performance. Unfortunately, on 17 September 1908 crashing his plane crashed. This is the only accident that ever experienced by both of them. A passenger was killed, Orville broken leg and two ribs but soon to recover. The successful flight to inspire the U.S. government signed a contract to make planes for the United States Department of Defense, and in 1909 with government spending there is an order worth $ 30,000 for the purposes of the Air Force. Once there was a legal dispute involving patent rights between the Wright brothers with his rivals, but in 1914 the court rejected their demands. What about to say, in 1912 Wilbur Wright attacked by typhus and died at the age of forty-five years. Orville Wright who in 1915 sold their shares to a company, lived until 1948. Neither of the two brothers were never married.
Although many investigations in this field that preceded it, no doubt Wright bersaudaralah which can be regarded as the embryo discovery aircraft. Undoubtedly the discovery of the aircraft is an important historical phenomenon, both in terms of use for the purposes of peace or war. Within decades thereafter, the aircraft had constructed our world is so shriveled even outer space also seemed to touch the finger. And further than that, the invention of man is charged airplane beginner and pave the way for flight in outer space. Centuries old dream of flying that has become human. They want to float in the sky with flying carpets like in the tales of Thousand and One Nights, dreams that are far away in range. The genius of Wright bersaudaralah have to realize that dream come true, really flew by plane rather than cross-legged on the rug, puffing fairytale "Hoga" which are three feet long.

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History of Money

Cultural interaction in human civilization has created an instrument that very important role, both as a means of communication, transaction, or the recognition of one's social status, namely money. Since its presence in human civilization, money has played a major role dalammengubah human cultural behavior, and even contributed to the collapse of the feudal system and the hierarchy of aristocracy as it grows in Greek and Roman era.
The reality is, money which was originally intended to function as a medium of exchange and a standard unit of value turned out to have an impact on human culture focus when the money was applied as a property that determines a person's dignity in the community. In its history, role and functions of money has grown rapidly, without knowing boundaries, race, nation and state so that the money has contributed an important part in the process of global development of human civilization. Perhaps caused by this, Aphra Behn, a seventeenth-century playwright wrote in his book The Rover (1677)? Money speaks in a language understood by all nations? (Page xxxi).
Money has been known since hundreds of years ago, as well as natives in the interior of the continent of Africa Bandiagara to exchange their agricultural products, from sebakul tomatoes with a number of daily needs, milk, wheat and the like. Transactions are initially conducted in barter, and then developed by using a medium of exchange that erbuat from crops like cocoa the like (known as commodity money). Gradually the instrument was turned into a medium of exchange is made of hard objects, such as stone and metal. From this discovery dapatdipahami that human recognition of the money was a process that berakulturasi single culture, namely the creation process of imitation of one tribe to another tribe without any claim of copyright because they realize that money is created by the media of economic interaction among nations with? Language? easily standardized.The functioning of the commodity as a medium of exchange, is the familiar currency in early human civilization. Means to pay these commodities can serve a twofold purpose, such as chocolate which functioned as a medium of exchange of high value, then the circulation of these commodities increased in intensity. However, when the declining role of commodities, then the holder the greater utilization of fruit consumption of chocolate as an ingredient. The use of gold and silver as money in the form of coins were created by Croesus in Greece around 560-546 BC. Simultaneously, the medium of money that serves as instruments means to pay, mulaidikembangkan, made from a variety of other solid objects sepertitembikar, ceramic or bronze.
Jachymod Villages in the Czech Republic, Eastern Europe, regarded as the first region using a currency called the dollar, which is the most popular currency in the modern age, appeared at the end of the 19th century. Initially called Taler, then the Italians spell it Tallero, Dutch tongue says Daler, Hawaii dala, in the dialect of English is disclosed as a dollar. Embryos of dollars made from raw material silver and gold coins of natural forms, whose use is growing in many countries or states. Indeed Taler itself is evolving as the currency in mainland Europe since the 16th century, whose fruits are more than 1500, but in modern civilization, each nation or the state create a separate designation for its currency to show an independent status.
In the history of the use of paper as the material of money, China is considered as the first nation to find it, which is around the first century AD, during the dynasty of T? Ang. In the modern age, Benjamin Franklin (United States) is determined as the father because he Banknotes of the first printing of paper dollars, which was originally used to finance the war for independence the United States. As a tribute government of Benjamin Franklin, his portrait enshrined in the sheet's largest denomination dollar (U.S. $ 100). On his way, the use of paper money as an attribute and simbolsebuah developing countries. But as the guarantee of state responsible for its circulation, the amount of paper money issued is always associated with the amount of gold reserves held by the country concerned. Around the year 1976, the dependence of printing paper money is no longer linked to gold reserves, but allowed to roll and dive into the free market to face the law of supply and demand as the economy grew in the law.
Thus, money growth rate can not be separated from the cultural and intellectual innovation that grew out of man. Money has become the focus of modern world culture, so that money is not only defined as an instrument of payment between consumers and traders, workers and employers, but the limits of his understanding had entered the territory of all human life, ranging from the common people until the government officials with each of his profession. These days money is no longer translated as berhargasebagaimana letter sheets stored in a vault, but the money has been manipulated in the form of plastic card that can accumulate in a person's ability to fulfill payment obligations. In modern civilization, the invention of plastic money that is represented in the form of cards, fashion and trends have become familiar in everyday life. The question is whether the innovation creation of the currency will remain progressive in the future. Will happen in time, the role of money will be replaced by fingerprint. The answer is innovation and human intellectual progress can not be inhibited by time, because the source of knowledge is always open without doors.
The book, written by Jack Weatherford and translated either by Noor Cholis, explaining the development of money through three phases, namely, Phase I Cash Classic, Phase II, Phase III Paper Money and Electronic Money. Although it is not? Law books?, But this book is still interesting for enthusiasts Banking Law and central banking, mainly because bahasannya give another insight, because penuturannya not solely concentrated on the economic side, which become? Cage? development of the function and role of money, but instead set forth in the historical cultural role by providing illustrations of money in the middle of rural society and modern society. Viewed from the side of culture, between the simple life of rural communities throughout rural and modern society living in urban luxury living building in a complex economic activity and surrounded by sophisticated technology, the role and functions of money are basically no different. Differentiation lies only in terms of quantitative rather than qualitative.

Eiffel tower history

Eiffel tower is the tallest tower diparis. From all corners of the city we can see it. Do you know its history?Here historyEiffel Tower is one of the seven wonders of the world, and this tower has become a global icon of France. Eiffel Tower is also one of the world's most famous structures located in the Champ de Mars on the banks of the River Seine in ParisSince the construction of the Eiffel Tower, the tower is a lot of criticism. For example, in the Paris daily newspaper filled once with a letter of criticism from the art community in Paris. One of them included in the U.S. Government Publishing Office of William Watson of the Paris Universal Exhibition of Civil Engineering, Public Works, and Architecture 1892. "And for twenty years we have seen, extends to the entire city, still lived by those geniuses for centuries, we see a stretch like a black shadow of the black columns are built of sheet iron spikes."According to Guy de Maupassant (novel author), who hated the tower, He said that the tower had lunch at the restaurant every day is one - the only place in Paris where we can not see the tower.According to the author, Guy de Maupassant hatred towards the Eiffel Tower when it was too excessive. But in fact, now the Eiffel Tower became a famous tourist spot and many tourists come from outside to see the beauty of the Eiffel Tower.Currently eiffel tower made a lot of people - people are surprised by its defiant. According to the author, who is assisted by the engineer Eiffel had planned it carefully. Because the Eiffel understand the interests of wind power and know that they will build the tallest structure in the world.
Eiffel Tower experienced many eventseg1. on June 3, 1902, at 9:20 the night lightningsnatched up the Eiffel Tower.2. Eiffel Tower as a billboard for Citroënsince 1925 until 1934.3. September 10, 1889, Thomas Edison visited the tower. He signed the guest book with the message "To Mr. Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of modern architecture and original than someone who gives great appreciation for all Engineers including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu, Thomas Edison. "4. Father Theodor Wulf in 1910 observing the transmit energy emitted above and below the tower, find the top more than expected, and began what is now called cosmic rays.Thank youHopefully useful and successful

The discovery of submarine history

Submarine is a vessel that can dive into the water. With the submarine we could see the beauty that comes from the oceans and seas. So the submarine could become a unique means of transportation and interesting. These submarines could be used for military purposes or for leisure. Heehehehhe,

But do you know anyone who invent its ??

FIGURE best known as the inventor of the submarine is Cornelius van Drebbel. Initially, the author sketches the submarine is Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), while William Bourne designed the plan of the ship (1578). But, who managed to build it is Cornelius van Drebbel in 1620.

Initially, he only saw the sketches that made two of his friend. Then, slowly van Drebbel try to realize the sketches which he said was unique. Standard construction is still taking a sketch of Bourne. Namely, using the principle that the ship can sink if the tank filled with water. If the ship would be raised to the surface, emptied the water tank first.

Then, van Drebbel try to apply the law of Archimedes using rowing as an activator. Not quite up there, van Drebbel continue to upgrade homemade submarine. Especially in terms of design with a shape like the composition of the two boats and closed the skin.

Dayungan holes made more tacky, so do not take in water. Van Drebble not use the system back, but trying to iron for easy boat dive.

The submarine became the oldest submarines. Because, his body is still made from animal skin and wood frame. Van Drebbel also wrap the base timber ship with waterproof materials and paddle boat with the skin. The addition of air monitoring van Drebbel tube to provide oxygen.

Made his first trip with 12 oarsmen on the River Thames. In these trials, the ship managed to dive as deep as 360-450 cm below the River Thames, London, for 2-3 hours.

The last model made van Drebbel have six oars and can accommodate 16 passengers. The ship was to dive for three hours and yachting to 12-15 feet (4-5-meters) below the water surface. Track was started in Westminster to Greenwich return trip.

Submarine that looked like a cigar was made hydrodynamic. According to van Drebbel, can reduce the hydrodynamic resistance when submerged. That way, the ship can sink seamlessly. Submarines that have speeds around 18 km / hour.

At present the findings of van Drebbel submarines began to be developed for military purposes. Especially as the submarine war. It is actually far from the desire Drebbel when first made submarine. He did not want to be a homemade submarine killer tool

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Hopefully useful and successful ,,,,,

Origin of Valentine's Day

Valentine's Day celebrations including a feast of pagan Romans (pagans), in which idolatry is the religion of them since more than 17 centuries ago. Valentine celebration is an expression of the pagan religion of the Roman god of love and respect them.

    Valentine's Day celebration has historical roots in the form of a few stories passed down through generations of the Romans and the Christians their heirs. The most famous story about its origin is that the Romans used to believe that Romulus (founder of Rome) fed by a she-wolf, the wolf gave her physical strength and intelligence of the mind. The Romans commemorate this event in mid-February each year with a magnificent memorial. Among the rituals is to slaughter a goat and dog, then dilumurkan blood to the two young men a strong physique. Then they washed the blood with milk. After that began the big parade with both the young man in front of the entourage. Both carry two pieces of leather that they use to stain everything they come across. The Roman woman to spread deliberately overlooking it cheerfully, because they believe it will be blessed with fertility and childbirth with ease.

History of Valentine's Day I:

    According to chronicle the ancient Athenian calendar, the period between mid-January to mid February is the month Gamelion, which is dedicated to the sacred marriage god Zeus and Hera. You know the god Zeus? the father-nye hercules.

    In ancient Rome, February 15 is the feast of Lupercalia, a celebration of Lupercus, the god of fertility, symbolized half-naked and dressed in goat skins. As a ritual of purification, the priests of Lupercus meyembahkan goat sacrifice to the gods and then after drinking wine, they would run around the streets of Rome holding pieces of sheep skin and touch whoever they come across the street. Some historians say this as one reason for the embryo of Valentine's Day.


History of Valentine's Day II:

    According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, the name of Valentine was believed to be referring to the three martyr or saint (saint), which differed, the following:

        * Priest in Rome
        * Bishop Interamna (modern Terni)
        * Martyr in the Roman province of Africa.

    The relationship between the three martyrs was the feast of love (Valentine) is unclear. Even Pope Gelasius I in 496, stating that in fact nothing is known about these martyrs, but on February 14 designated as a memorial feast of St. Valentine. Some say that Pope Gelasius I deliberately set it to surpass the feast of Lupercalia which was celebrated on February 15.

    Skeletal remains unearthed from the tomb of Saint Hyppolytus, identified as a corpse St. Valentinus. Then placed in a coffin of gold and sent to the church Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, Ireland. The body has been given to them by Pope Gregory XVI in 1836. Many tourists who make pilgrimages to this church on Valentine's Day (14 February), where crates of gold being paraded in a procession and brought to a high altar. On that day carried a special Mass was held and presented to the young people and those who are in a relationship of love.

    Feast day was removed from the Church calendar in 1969 as part of a broader effort to remove saints that its origin is unclear, dubious and just based on the legend alone. The feast day is still celebrated in some parishes.

History of Valentine's Day III:

    Note the first association of the feast of Saint Valentine with romantic love is in the 14th century in England and France, where it is believed that February 14 is the day when birds are looking for a partner for mating. This belief is written on the work of writer named Geoffrey Chaucer's Middle English. He wrote the story Parlement of Foules (Conversation Birds) that:

        For this was sent on Seynt Valentyne's day (That this was sent on the day of Saint Valentine) Whan every foul cometh ther to choose his mate (When all the birds come there to choose their partners)


    In the time it was common for lovers to exchange notes on Valentine's Day and Valentine call their partner. A Valentine card from the 14th century is said to be part of a collection of writings by the British Library in London. Chances are many legends about St. Valentine were created in this era. Some of them told me that:

        * In the evening before St. Valentine was going to die as a martyr (died a martyr), he has written a small declaration of love he gave to the prison warden is written "From Valentinusmu".
        * When the Roman soldiers were forbidden to marry by the Emperor Claudius II, St. Valentine secretly helped marry them secretly.

    In most versions of these legends, February 14, associated with miscarriage as a martyr.

History of Valentines Day IV:

    Story St. Valentine

    Valentine was a priest who lived in Rome in the century III. He lived in the kingdom which was led by Emperor Claudius notoriety. He hated the emperor. Claudius ambition is to have a large military force, he wants all the men in his kingdom to join in dalamya.

    But unfortunately, this desire is not supported. The men are reluctant to engage in warfare. Because they do not want to leave family and her lover. This made Claudius furious, he immediately ordered officials to conduct a crazy idea.

    Claudius thought that if men do not marry, they would gladly join the military. Then Claudius forbade the marriage. The young couple then consider this decision was unreasonable. Hence St. Valentine refused to carry it out.

    St. Valentine continued to carry out his duties as pastor, that is marrying the couple in love, although in secret. This action was eventually known by the emperors who immediately gave him a warning, but he ignored and remain blessed the wedding in a small chapel lit only by candlelight.

    Until one night, he caught one of the blessed couple. The couple managed to escape, but the unfortunate St. Valentine was caught. He was imprisoned and sentenced to death with decapitated. Instead of being humiliated by the people, St. Valentine even visited by many people who support that action. They threw flowers and messages of support on windows prison where he was detained.

    One of the people who believe in love that love is the daughter of the prison guards themselves. The father allows his daughter to visit St. Valentine. Not infrequently they talked a long time. The girl grow back the spirit of the preacher. He agreed that St. Valentine has done the right thing right eh benul alias.

    On the day when he was beheaded aka beheaded head, ie, February 14, do not know what year, St. Valentine took her to write a message to the jailer's daughter before, she writes: With Love from Valentinemu.

    Message that is then changed everything. Now every February 14, people in various parts of the world celebrate it as a day of love. People who celebrate the day to remember St. Valentine as a warrior of love, while the emperor Claudius is remembered as someone who tried to get rid of love.

Conclusion:
Of all the historical origins or above can be concluded that the "day valentine backgrounds that are not clear at all", both from the story and the time of occurrence (note the centuries of history above, although there is the same character name). What do you think?