தாய் பக்தி

(என் அன்னையின் பிறந்தநாள் இன்று)

(30௦.10௦ -> 30 அக்டோபர்)

முப்பது பத்து..

முன்னுறு நாட்கள் தவம் புரிந்து

முத்தொன்றை இப்பூவுலகிற்கு புறம் தள்ளிவிட்டவள் நீதான் அம்மா..

பிற உணவு நஞ்சாகும் என

பிஞ்சிலே நெஞ்சமுது ஊட்டியவளும் நீதான் அம்மா..

என்னை சுவாசிக்க வைத்தாய்

என்ன வியப்பு நான் வாசித்த முதல் கவிதை நீதான் அம்மா...

உலகநூல் பயில சொன்னாய், என்

உலகமே நீதான் அம்மா...

தேவாலயம் போக சொல்வாய், என்

தெய்வமே நீதான் அம்மா...

பிழை ஒன்று நான் செய்தால்

பிரம்பால் அடிப்பவளும் நீதான் அம்மா...

வலியால் நான் அழுதால்

வாரி அணைத்து தேன் சொற்கள் பேசுபவளும் நீதான் அம்மா...

ஊரு உறங்கும் வேளையிலே எனக்கு

உணவு சமைப்பவளும் நீதான் அம்மா..

நோய் என நான் படுத்தால்

நோம்பு கிடப்பவளும் நீதான் அம்மா..

படைத்தவனை பழித்து விட்டு என்னோடு

பத்திய உணவு புசிப்பவளும் நீதான் அம்மா..

கனவிலும் நான் அழுதால்

கண் விழிப்பவளும் நீதான் அம்மா..

எந்த தவமும் செய்யவில்லை, உன்னை பெறுவதற்கு

எந்த வரமும் தேவையில்லை, நீ போதும் எனக்கு.

~பா.மா.ஷ.

Dasavathaaram - An Interesting fact

A friend of mine called me and insisted to listen
to “Kallai mattum kandaal” song from Dasavathaaram.
and that there was a particular set of lines that he found impressive.

When I listened to the song again,

and After decoding the real meaning of that song,

I figured which lines would have impressed my friend.

The lines are:

"Rajalakshmi naayagan Srinivasan dhaan

Srinivasan saei indha Vishnu dhaasan dhaan

Naattil undu aayiram raaja raajar dhaan

Raajanukku raajan indha Rangarajan dhaan"

This translates to

“Rajalakshmi’s husband is Srinivasan.

Srinivasan’s son is this follower of Vishnu.

There may be thousands of kings around.

But I, Rangarajan, am king of kings.”

Hidden Meaning:

Kamal Hassan’s parents are Rajalakshmi and Srinivasan.

and Vaali’s father is also Srinivasan.

Vaali, of course, is the lyricist’s psuedonym.

His given name is Rangarajan.

The lines quoted here therefore can be interpreted in different ways.

The most straight forward meaning is such that

The First two lines refer to Kamal Hassan the person, and the next two refer to Vaali.

Regards, BMS

HISTORY DISCOVERY mercury thermometer

Since ancient times human beings trying to measure the temperature. And not just want to know the temperature of the object or the weather, but also the human body temperature. Hippocrates, for example, has realized that the human body temperature is closely relevant to human health in question. But only about 2000 years later, medical experts Santorio Santorio-repeated names, compared with Galileo Galilei, can use a thermometer to measure the temperature of the patient. It can be said, that he was the first physician to use a thermometer as a tool to help diagnose illness.

Efforts to create a tool that can measure temperature, a thermometer is a tool, arose among astronomers and a natural scientist. They know that temperature can make a substance expands. Therefore, they sought to use the size of the expansion of that material as a basis for measuring temperature. Nevertheless, measurement temperartur carefully, it is not happen easily. They need to find the right agent, proper technique, as well as measuring the scale of the right to be able to measure temperature accurately.
The air thermometer and AlcoholGalileo Galilei used to measure air expansion temperartur. Tool consists of a glass ball of chicken eggs is associated with a long pipe. Pipe was immersed in water. When the temperature changes, the air inside the glass bulb expands or shrink. These changes are recorded through the water line on the tube. The tool was created in 1593 and known as termoskop. Although the precision is still very low, but roughly this tool has been able to measure temperature.
Fellow named Galileo Santorio santorio (in Latin known as Sanctorius) was the first physician to apply a quantitative measure on the human body. In the early 17th century, from day to day, he weighed the human body weight, and found that weight loss through sweating. He also created a tool for measuring the pulse number.
In order to measure this measure, Santorio Santorio also want to measure human body temperature. For that he used termoskop Galileo by putting a glass ball into the human body. In termoskop tube, he set the scale by using the two benchmark points. The second point is the temperature benchmark snow and the temperature of a candle flame. The tool is also very meticulous.
Then Guillaume Amontons termoskop Galileo perfected. In lieu of water, he uses (water) of mercury to the air lock. The volume of air is made permanent so that the temperature measured by changes in air pressure. This Termoskop termoskop better than Galileo. With that tool, Amontons discovered that within the limits of precision tools, water boils at the same temperature. Furthermore, Amontons also studied the various types of gas expansion characteristics. At the same temperature change, he found that all gases expand by the same volume. Observations of this publication in 1699.
Nobility in Florence Tuscany, Ferdinand II, creating a better thermometer. The air in the ball is replaced with a glass of wine or alcohol. Both fixed point is the temperature in winter is the coldest and temperatures on the hottest summer. Winter temperatures and summer is not consistent. Because of that, comes the various proposals on the benchmark point.
Some are proposing the use of a single point of reference only, but some are proposing two points of the benchmark. Proposer single point of reference such as Robert Boyle, Robert Hooke and Christian Huygens, proposes freezing temperature at a certain liquid tiitk as a benchmark. Boyle, for example choosing oils from anise (aniseed). Furthermore, every degree of temperature is determined by changes in the volume of liquid that for a given volume fraction.
Proposer two benchmark points have different opinions about the two points that benchmark. Honore Fabni propose a low point at the temperature of liquid ice. However, for the high point, he still suggested that summer temperatures were erratic. Agreed about the low point, high point Delance proposed at a temperature of melting butter. In 1694, professor at Padua, Carlo Renaldini propose freezing point and boiling point of water as a second point that benchmark.
In 1701, Isaac Newton suggested a low point in the freezing temperature of water as well as the high point in human body temperature. In advance of these two points are arranged two scales.
Then making the thermometer fell to the meteorological instrument maker Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit. Likely it is that Fahrenheit is driven by Herman Boerhave to make the instrument. Fahrenheit thermometer to repeat the design and use of mercury as a substance pengukurnya.
Fahrenheit and Use of ThermometersDaniel Gabriel Fahrenheit was born in Danzig, now Gdansk, Poland in 1686. Since childhood he had emigrated to Amsterdam. He entered the business education, physics and manufacturing tools as well as continue to provide a meteorological tool. After reading the history of science that tells Amotons discoveries about the boiling point of water is fixed so he pushed to create a thermometer to see the natural phenomenon in the field of temperature.
In 1708, Fahrenheit met with Ole Romer who has made some temperature scale. He tried a change of one thermometer. In 1714, Fahrenheit mercury thermometer managed to create a well-known everywhere. This thermometer is absolutely meticulous and thorough. Fahrenheit thermometer scale on even this is known as degrees Fahrenheit is still used in some countries, especially in the United States and Britain.
In 1724 Fahr reported the results of his work to the Royal Society so received in membership in that year. It soon became scale Fahr received in the UK and the Netherlands. Even then most of the country using the Celsius scale and Kelvin, Fahr still remain the first person who can create the proper thermometer.
In the health field, these thermometers are also used. Hermann Boerhave, along with his followers Gerhard van Swieten and Anton de Haen tried to link the body temperature to health. In the 15-volume book called Rati Memendi, de Haen noted the rise and fall temperatures pda pasein reply fever. In this framework, George Martine of St. Andrews that every disease has its own type of fever.
In 1762, French physician, Ballay, measure the temperature of urine pasein. James Currie of Liverpool recommends a cold shower for the patient's fever and shower set with a thermometer. Use a thermometer in the hospital became famous after the study of Karl August Wunderlich. Over the past 16 years along with his assistant, he measured the temperature more than 100 thousand patients. In 1868 his work was written in the book The Course of The Tempearture in Disease: A guide of Clinical thermometry. The thermometer also become an important tool in the diagnosis of disease.
In the year 1734, in the Philosophical Transactions, Fahr thermometer tells manufacture. Fahr said in that story, that he was influenced by the success amontons. Her story: about 10 years ago, I read in the history of science, published in the Royal Academy of Paris, that by using the thermometer of his own, the famous Amontons had discovered that water boils at a fixed level of heat. I also immediately burned by the desire to make your own thermometer was so kind with my own eyes I can see that idnah alaam symptoms and can feel confident that the truth perconaan it.
Fahr not forget tells the number of failures in his efforts: "for lack of experience in making my efforts be in vain even though I have often repeated". So he put off his business until then. But the zeal to make the thermometer did not fade and do not slack. "I always wanted to see the results of the experiment," said Fahr.
At one point Fahr remembered the barometer. Careful observers have written about the barometer correction. They have seen that the high (water) of mercury in the barometer tube was little changed at temperatures change. "From this I know that a thermometer may be made using mercury.". Fahr acknowledges that its manufacture would be very difficult. However, by using a thermometer that he is very confident he can perform experiments that are eager to do it. And it worked.
Mercury thermometer stem tube is cylindrical Fahr spherical shape replaces termoskop Galileo. In accordance with manmaya, this thermometer uses (water) of mercury as a substitute for alcohol. With the tools that, at first tried to use the temperature Fahr in Iceland and Lapland which is famous cold as the coldest temperature in the determination of benchmark point temperature scale. But then he replaced it with water mixed with salt. Freezing point of water mixed with salt is to determine the point of zero degrees on the thermometer.
After that Fahr interested in optics and other works. But three years kemduian ia kebali the thermometer and the temperature. Fahr measuring the thermal properties of various other substances. He determined what the liquid to be measured, determine the weight of its kind at a temperature of 48 degrees, and determine its boiling temperature. In his report, the listed substances such as wine, alcohol, water, rain, spirits niter, oil vitriol.
Temperature scaleAt temperatures in the thermometer scale penetuan, Fahr using two benchmark points. For the low point, he wants to find the lowest cold. He mixed the salt into the water, the freezing point of water was used as the low point. Low point was expressed sbeagai zero degrees. With saline water was Fahr wanted to avoid the negative temperatures.
As a point of the highest standards, Fahr use of human body temperature. In contrast to Newton's proposal to divide the two benchmark points into 12 sections, Fahr divide it into 8 x 12 or 96 parts. With this kind of division, he measured the boiling point of water. Then Fahr changed slightly so that the temperature scale tempertaur boiling point of water just 212 degrees. By finding that the freezing point of water is 32 degrees, amka anatara scale at the freezing point and boiling water is 180 degrees.
With this scale, Fahr found that the temperature of the human body became 98.6 degrees. Thus the temperature scale known as scale Fahr. The scale is still used in America and several other nations.
Not long after that came another temperature scale in 1730 compiled by Rene Antoine de Reamur Ferchault and is known to scale Reamur. In his experiments he used a mixture of wine and water in comparison 4 and 1. He found that the 1000 unit volume of such substances on the freezing temperature of water will develop into a 1080 unit volume at the boiling temperature of water. Therefore reamur dividing the distance from the freezing point of water to the boiling point of water into the 1080-1000 = 80 parts.
Thus, on a scale Reamur freezing point of water is zero degrees and the boiling point of water is 80 degrees. On this scale each degree is serata with changes of 1 / 1000 unit volume of that material. Until now Reamur scale is still used in some countries.
Another scale appeared in 1742. Swedish astronomer at the University of Upsala, Anders Celsius ajarak divide in advance of the freezing point and boiling point of water into 100 parts. Even this scale known as the Celsius scale or centigrade scale. At this scale the freezing point of water is zero degrees and the boiling point of water is 100 degrees.
Another scale is from William Thomson Lord Kelvin or so known as the Kelvin scale. By using the Celsius scale theoretically, Kelvin sought to determine the lowest temperature of absolute zero degrees labeled. Through the provision, the freezing point of water into kira2 273.15 degrees and 373.15 degrees the boiling point of water. The scale is accepted as the unit of temperature in the International System.
Kelvin effort to determine the degree of absolute zero can also be measured through a scale Fahr. Scale obtained in this way is known by the name of William Rankin scale Rankin.
Now the thermometer (water) mercury with high accuracy has been widely used. Besides the thermometer mercury thermometer we also know many others. Expanse that can be measured with another thermometer is very wide from a very cold temperature to very hot. Yet we are still dealing with a variety of scales and units of measurement tempertaur. There is a scale Fahr, Reamur scale, Celsius, Kelvin and Rankin Talking in various international meetings. Since then it has a lot of the benchmark standard of acceptable and amended again by the international meeting.
To measure a very wide expanse tempertur, the meeting internsioanl expanse that divides into 4 regions. Each area of ​​the temperature measured by means of a certain standard. The area between -259.74 to 630.74 degrees Celsius measured by a platinum resistance thermometer. Region between 630.74 to 1064.43 ° C was measured with a thermometer platinum-rhodium platinum per 10 cent. Areas above 1064, 43 erajat Celsius measured by optical pyrometers. There is no standard tool for measuring the temperature in the region below -259.34 degrees Celsius. Temperatures in the region measured by various measuring instruments.
For simplicity there would be nice if we all use one kind of scale and unit temperature or using an international system. We simply use the Kelvin scale. On a scale that is roughly the freezing point of water about 273 K and the boiling point of 373 K. body temperature of 310 K and mansuia sekitr room temperature 300 K.

History establishment of apple

Apple inc is a very famous computer company and sought by everyone. It all know and familiar with apple. Apple at the start of a garage and eventually become like the now very large. That's all thanks to innovation - innovation that made ​​by steve jobs. But on the way apple steve jobs released from Apple. Want to know how the history of apple can be like now please read my article below ... ...

Apple Inc. didirikaan by Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak on January 3, 1977 as opening day. In 1976, while working at his computer company that produces video teletype terminal (VTT), VTT Wozniak began to combine design with a computer design which he had made earlier, particularly by replacing the screen
panels with video screens flashing lights. Then he tries to show his new designs to the company Hewlett-Packard (HP), but at that time HP thinks that the junk that is useless, and even then kept teasing Wozniak. While Wozniak was not useful, Steve Jobs tried to comfort and reassure Wozniak that they both could have made the company's own computer to develop designs that Wozniak. Finally they agreed to create his own

company, and Steve Jobs proposes to give a name as Apple's first computer. In August 1976, Wozniak saw an exhibition of color screen that was called the Dazzler, and it was very obsessed with perfecting Wozniak Apple computers by adding a color screen. At the same time, he also wanted to simplify the Apple computer memory architecture becomes more simple but does not reduce performance, and this marks the first time made processor shared memory (shared) video memory. The first Apple Computer officially made and assembled in the garage at home parents Steve Jobs. Steve Jobs expects to sell his computer to computer enthusiasts who already exist. The program is operated by using a regular cassette tape. At that time there utuk software programming, namely BASIC, but when trying to run on Apple computers but failed, then Wozniak sortware own programming. The first time to sell Apple computers, they use the slogan "Byte into Apple" can have two meanings, first is "Eat Apples, but the other meaning is" Please Try Apple Computer ". But the indirect business running smoothly. The current computer fans was more interested in the product "the Altair" and other brands. In 1976, Steve Jobs decided to expand the company, then he contacted several local businessmen. After some time he finally managed to lure a businessman named Armas Clifford willing markkula lend money from the bank for $ 250,000 to meet the chimera Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak a larger computer company and will produce the Apple II. Since then the first time Apple Inc. Company.'s official stand, precisely dated January 3, 1977. The new company Jobs and Wozniak formed and then moved out of Jobs's garage to its new headquarters in Cupertino, and start the challenge to run the company with the best. They must think to look for opportunities to sell personal computers to computer users who had already been using other brands of computers. Finally they start with a strategy to facilitate the workings of a computer as easy as possible and automate applications that had been done manually. Jobs initiated the use of plastic materials as the main ingredient computer shell (casing) and immediately used on first launch Aplle II computer, because he believed that the appearance could also attract the hearts of the users. In 1978, Apple introduced the Apple II +, which is the first computer to have and use a Floppy Disk. In 1981, Jobs has a crazy idea to make Apple computers that have a size of no more than a book, and finally it was called Apple Computer IIb. But Apple IIb prodak abort because she feared the sale would affect sales of the Macintosh. But not long from now it appears Toshiba portable computer, then Jobs is no less clever with a portable computer that is equipped with diskdrive. In times when Apple Inc's heyday, there was news that the company management experience problems due to the selfishness and antagonism Steve Jobs who was then felt that he had ruled the world. The company finally decided to hire a head of a new company to handle the management, and chosen John Sculley, former Pepsi executive. After facing exposure to the storm for many years, now Apple Inc.. are enjoying the results. Steve Jobs may berlega hearts because they still could save the company that once almost destroyed because of lack of self-control. History of Apple Inc. have been colored with a variety of ingenious inventions coupled with the lack of good marketing strategy, in contrast with Microsoft corporation who has designs that are less good but have a brilliant marketing strategy. Currently, Apple Inc. less able to dominate the market because they are less able to respond to market needs

Thanks,,,,,
Hopefully useful,,,,,,,
Success and Stay spirit,,,,,,,

discovery of magnetic history

Maxwell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1831. He developed an early teramatlah: at the age of fifteen years he has been able to present a scientific paper to the "Edinburgh Royal Society." He entered Edinburgh University and graduated from the University of Cambridge. Married but childless. Maxwell is generally considered the greatest theorists in the field of physics in the period between Newton and Einstein. His bright career ended too quickly because he passed away in 1879 due to attack cancer, not long after celebrating his birthday the 48.
Famous British physicist James Clerk Maxwell was well known through the formulation of four statements that describe the basic laws of electricity and magnetic. Both these areas before Maxwell was being investigated for a long time and have the same note there is a link between the two. However, despite the various laws of electricity and kemagnitan already discovered and contain the truth in some aspects, before Maxwell, none of those laws that constitute a unified theory. In he had four legal tools that are formulated in summary, Maxwell managed to describe precisely the behavior and mutual relations between electric and magnetic fields. By doing so he changed a large number of phenomena into a single theory that can be used as a handle. Opinion Maxwell has become fad in previous centuries, is widely both in theory and in practice science.
The most important value of, the new Maxwell's opinion is: a lot of general equations that can occur in all circumstances. All the laws of electric and magnetic pre-existing can be derived from Maxwell's opinion, as well as a large number of other law, which was once a theory that is not known. From Maxwell's opinion this could be shown how pergoyangan alternating electromagnetic field periodically is something that could happen. Movement back and forth like a pendulum is called electromagnetic waves, which when once driven will continue to spread outer space. From these opinions were able to show that the velocity of electromagnetic waves that reach approximately 300,000 kilometers (186,000 miles) per second. Maxwell knows that this is equal to the size of the speed of light. From this angle he rightly concluded that light itself consists of electromagnetic waves.
So Maxwell's opinion not only is the basic law of electricity and kemagnitan, but also it is also the basic law of optics. Indeed, all previous law known as the law of optics can be attributed to his opinion, too many facts and relationships with the things which was not revealed. Light visible to the eye is not only the type that allows electromagnetic radiation. Opinion Maxwell showed that electromagnetic waves other, in contrast to visible light by the eye in his wavelength and frequency, could have been there. These theoretical conclusions were remarkably reinforced by the Heinrich Hertz, who could produce and meet the two waves are visible by eye was predicted by Maxwell. A few years later Guglielmo Marconi demonstrates that the wave of the invisible eye that can be used for communication without wires, so what was his name menjelmalah radio. Now we use also for television, x-rays, gamma rays, infrared rays, ultraviolet light is an example of electromagnetic radiation. All of the ideas of Maxwell.
Although Maxwell's most prominent fame lies in his mind a great contribution in the field of electromagnetic and optics, he also gave a significant contribution to world science in other terms, including the theories of astronomy and thermodynamics (heat affairs investigation). One of particular interest is the kinetic theory of gases. Maxwell realized that not all gas molecules move at the same speed. Some slow, some fast and some incredible speed. Maxwell tries to specific formulas showed the smallest molecules to move at certain speeds as well. This formula is called the "spread of Maxwell," is the formula of the most widely used in scientific formulas and contains a meaning and important benefits in every branch of physics

Mekkah

Mecca - Saudi Arabia
City Muslim Qibla

Mecca or Makkah al-Mukarramah, Arabic: (مكة المكرمة) or also known as Mecca is the main city in Saudi Arabia which is the major destination cities in the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca. There are main building of the Kaaba is the Qibla direction benchmark for the prayers of the Muslims all over the world and Haj procession. The virtue of Mecca in addition to the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad also have the Grand Mosque with Kaaba in it where the words of the Prophet:

     "Prayers at the Grand Mosque has a reward of 100 000 x"

History of mobile discovery

Mobile is a handheld communication device that connects a person with a considerable distance. This tool is already owned by each person. This tool is included primary needs. Especially for adolescents in the present. Mobile becomes a very important need, mobile phones are used to facebook, twitter, call, sms and much more usefulness. But how do you know the origin of the discovery of a mobile phone??

Here's the story ... ....



"Without his invention, no one will ever pitch while phoning with a cell phone. He has made a business (mobile phone) are formed and become a business. "(Frank Vigilante of Amos Joel Jr., inventor of the" switching "mobile," New York Times ")

Modern human civilization is inevitable discovery rests on two highly influential technologies, namely internet and mobile phones (mobile phone). Both the above technology is now the mainstay of human communication, career, business, and other activities.

In the case of the Internet, people familiar figures discoverer, like Bob Taylor, an expert psikoakustik and Director of Computer Research Program at the Defense's Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) in 1966. At that time Taylor got the idea for connecting computers in a network. In addition to Taylor, there are also Larry Robert, pioneer of computer networking in the Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the only scientist in the U.S. who are considered to realize the envisaged Taylor's network. Of course there is Vint Cerf and his colleagues from the University of California, Los Angeles.

Meanwhile, from the world of mobile communications, there is a cell phone inventor Martin Cooper who was 35 years ago, precisely 3 April 1973, working at Motorola. People can still listen to Cooper's dream, to imagine that such a small size device, mounted behind the ear, and someone dialed automatically when the user intends to call the number.

However, the focus this time not to Cooper, but on another figure who also made a large contribution in the development of mobile communications. This figure is none other than Amos E Joel Jr., pioneer connector system (switching) from one region of the cell phone to another cell region. Switching it should work when mobile users move / migrate from one cell to another cell so that the conversation is not interrupted.
Since the discovery of Amos Joel is the use of mobile phones to be comfortable.

In addition to the phone switching system, which is patented by the number 3,663,762, Joel also took part in the development of the traffic service position system (TSPs) that are used to automate work phone operators and automatic intercept system (AIS) which was created to handle calls to numbers not active automatic.

Great inventors

Amos Joel Jr., who was born in Philadelphia, March 12, 1918, is recognized worldwide as an expert in the field of switching. He received a bachelor's degree (1940) and master (1942) in electronic engineering from MIT. Not long after the study, he began his career for 43 years (from July 1940-March 1983) at Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he received more than 70 U.S. patents in the field of telecommunications, particularly in the field of switching.

Joel-who this year entered in the National Inventors Hall of Fame, died Saturday, October 25, at his home in Maplewood, New Jersey, in the age of 90.

Mobile phone users worldwide are now able to contemplate, what is the meaning of civilization cellular Joel donation today. It concluded by Frank Vigilante, who had become one of Joel supervisor at Bell Labs in the above quotation.

The lesson for inventors

Joel can be a great inventor of course because it has high intelligence, but other than that there are also other expertise. Apparently since childhood Joel like brain-tweaking electronic goods. As a boy, said Andrew Martin in the obituary in the New York Times, Joel often assemble a communication system to his friends, using old phone equipment that was left in an empty apartment. He also tried to create switching simple.

When the retelling of his career to the newspaper The Star-Ledger in New Jersey several months ago, Joel said, the things that he admired as a child and it is the junction (switch) on electric toy trains and telephones rotary (dial) first in house.

"I want to know, how the stuff works," he said.

While still in college, he met his wife, Rhoda Fenton-ago he invited to his office to look at patents that he collected.

After dating, Fenton thought Joel was crazy, but he finally received Joel and the two were married for 58 years.

In addition to fiddling pleased communication tool, Joel also enjoys teaching. After World War II, he developed and taught courses on the switching system and circuit design, until finally he found the first automatic telephone billing equipment.

For the services and contributions, Joel was awarded the Inventor of the Year by the New Jersey Congress of Inventors, and received the highest award the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), the Medal of Honor. Other awards he has ever received the Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology (1989) and the National Medal of Technology (1993) and Stuart Ballantine Medal from the Franklin Institute.

As mobile communications become so vital in the present civilization, the contribution of Amos Joel memorabilia and cultivate the habit of technology and it then produces a useful invention for mankind, truly enviable.

Thank you,,,

Stay spirit and good luck

history of the founding of IBM

IBM established in 1911 as the company CTR (computing tabulating recording). In 1890 this company is a merger of three companies. Three years ago, Thomas J Watson, 40 joined this company, not so long ago became president and instituted several symbolic and practical IBM has been known in history, among others; adjust the sales department, emphasizing the company pride and loyalty, is applied (although this This bias does not guarantee) of lifetime employment, and work ethics that are expressed with the slogan THINK. The company expands internationally and adopted that name in 1952, he changed the leadership / succession (transfer of power to his son, Thomas, Watson, Jr..

Under Watson, Jr., IBM emerged as the dominant computer company in the world. Over the next 20 years, the company produces a complete series of automatic calculation of storage innovation and information, including one from the English-language computer (FORTRAN), brother of the first product offering interchangeability of components to produce a computer system (System/360).
Based on several journal authors find lots of information on how IBM's strategy of restructuring:
According to the journal contains a conversation titled "Lou Takes the Gloves Off the IBM CEO on the Turnaround and on his critics (Business Week)" illustrated that less than two months away the leadership of Louis V. Gerstner Jr. of IBM. will retire. Gerstner, has written his life experiences in the journal entitled "Who Says Elephants Can not Dance? In the interview for the first time to answer criticism addressed to him how the restructuring strategy that builds upon the initiative of the financial work. He also handles compensation for the CEO, as well as a discussion about what is wrong with the industry in the future. Gerstner believes the mechanisms of government regulation / company in fact by way of actively involving the owners. He also said that compensation is needed to direct the company's performance. Compensation for the CEO will affect their performance, I believe in the IBM case will not be one would deny this thought.
One month after replacing CEO John F. Akers makes Gerstner most surprised to see the condition of IBM. When entering the company, Gerstner believes that the main problem faced by companies is the strategy and execution. Among others, if the rules are vague IBM unclear and less baik.Ini not mean to question the election rules and words such as 'charge'?! Amda should conduct surveillance but no one was following you. That is how to make people / employees are not aware of what they will, so that the views of the organizations if there's nothing interesting for me, I will not participate, the problem is not the strategy but what about the execution of the strategy tesebut.
Gerstner's success in making acquisitions is the opinion as follows: If life is so easy you just buy success mending it, in fact the success of a company in this world could be calculated. Success of a company built from the base / bottom. Uniting the company in the acquisition means to bring the problems of existing companies. There are a few companies but the PC will offer the same view. Why do we have to double the PC business? Telecommunications companies in nearly all the world filed a joint venture or affiliate. There are many people who argue that doing this means bringing the business content, we are changing the business from the roots and make the acquisition and matching of existing strategies.
The process of technology integration will achieve profits almost unbelievable so painful enterprise. Though the industry was going so fast, does more. There are different views key customers and key standards of interchangeability. It is true if the media says is not possible to send machines into general motors in different forms to other companies.
According to Gerstner's revenue growth is not the size of the company's success. According to this now so many companies over values ​​about revenue vs. profit. People wrong to generalize revenue. I really like the revenue growth. But I prefer to position ourselves how we seemed to build the company (IBM) has for nearly 5 to 10 years, and more focus on new strategies, new culture. I will not feel nervous when people say that revenue this year rose a little higher.
Gerstner double issue highlights the growing problem of financial reporting techniques (financial engineering). On the one hand, IBM had to pay taxes every year, but how tax rate from year to year should go down, this is where the responsibility of management to create cost down (cost of IT, real estate, etc.). Many who argue here that the role of financial engineering. Next is how to share buybacks, there are differences of opinion between the owner and sector analysts, according to their owners do not like to save in cash ataupunmelakukan acquisition. According to what I make a lot of cash but we need more profits will be better focused on increasing compensation, pushing the company to reduce debt in cash. Later we provide to their shareholders benefit not only the dividend but the share buy back.
According to Gerstner to keep the behavior of firms (corporate behavior), we're not just talking about morality but about having an independent audit committee. Furthermore, to protect the interests of investors and convince companies follow the rules of the real mechanism of corporate governance (GCG) by involving the owner (owner).
Gerstner opinion about CEO compensation, with a look at how company performance, performance driven, so naturally compensate for their height for their work, meaning that if the CEO has failed to provide benefits to shareholders billions of course the CEO will get the millions, and vice versa if not of course do not expected to earn that much, maybe just bahka My current salary is still the same in 10 years.
According to the Journal "Who Says Elephants Can not Dance: Inside IBM's Historic Turnaround". This journal tells how the regime or era Gerstner (Reinventing Education) for 9 years as CEO of IBM how to love her grief post-crisis conditions, and corporate restructuring efforts. Post abandoned by him and IBM changed its CEO RJR Nabisco. Gerstner found a whole insular culture, do not want changed since the beginning (resistant to change) is therefore a strategy that was based on, refocus energy on historical IBM mainframe business, repetitive process, focusing attention on the desire of consumers / customers, so IBM must immediately change market and reduce the urge IBM's world wide.
Furthermore, the journal "IBM Discover The Power of One", While IBM as a leader of high-tech industry, but does not escape facing a crisis (disaster in the summer of 2003). Units of semi-conductor company, has bet on a strategy to compete by issuing a variety of chips as a newcomer, but instead of IBM lost $ 1.2 million, nearly 18 months. So on the moon July 15, 2003 CEO Samuel J. Palmisano, Zeitler and nearly 70 others have to separate themselves between the chip division and computer division. In the end the company decided to focus primarily on one family of chips, Power microprocessors, initially did not get a response more important goal to generalize successfully so that investment profits are expected to be better again.
Based on the journals' Dynamic Capabilities at IBM: Driving Strategy into Action ".During the period of 15 rahun IBM company premises marked the transformation of the struggle in selling hardware to be a successful solution providers. Underscoring this change Disciplined foresighted strategy and execution are related. In connection with the change strategy backed the idea of ​​dynamic capability, namely the company sensitive to changes in both the marketplace and gauge the opportunities that exist and do the reconfiguration of the existence of assets and competencies. In this journal described how the ability to be dinasmis in IBM's case shows how the strategy process both encourages the possibility of exploration of new markets and technologies so as to produce a mature product with a good and marketable unexplored (mainframe computers, middleware).
Journal titled "The New IBM," describes how 15 years ago exactly on this month, Lou Gerstner came to IBM, and found that the company is not blind trust with his own future. This is where Gerstner started doing surveillance. Tactics used by, among others; service (shif) as a business base, further deepen the Internet and Linux, and shouting that IBM will not lock customers in the narrow view. When IBM's mainframe business will face disintegration happened is the collapse, Microsoft faces disintegration if Window collapse. But it needs to be understood both have in common that do not believe in the future. According to The future is change. Windows experience permasalaham when Microsoft did not change. This means that corporate IT professionals are needed to guide Microsoft on the changes.
Next Journal titled "Analysts Predict IBM's Turnaround Plans May Yield Earlier Than Expected pay-off"Although the road through the second quarter consensus predicted IBM would get $ 1.86 share, down $ 2.12 early this year, some analysts now think would spend $ 2 share, and Daniel Mandresh (Merrill Lynch) predicts an increase in this quarter.

Microsoft History

Microsoft is a software company that is not foreign to us. Microsoft with product windowsnya able to master the world market. Almost all computers that exist in the world use windows. This makes Bill Gates become the richest man in the world because many people use its products. Already know how to bill gates start his business?? The following history of bill gates in the make windows full of competition ... ... ..

If you hear this name, people will instantly remember two things, namely Microsoft and wealth. Well, it can not be denied, people familiar with company founder Bill Gates as the world's largest software. In addition, the wealth gained from the company that has made him the richest man in the world several years in a row, without ever shifting into second place though. That said, his wealth reached 71% of the value of our state budget, ie more than 500 triliun.Sungguh fantastic! But it certainly through a long process. It all started with Bill Gates's dream while still young. At that time, circa 70's, he had a hobby of tinkering with a computer program can deliver the dream of computers into homes. Something that is considered difficult to realize at the time. Because, in the year that computers still are very large and only used for certain things only. Seattle Birth of the spouse of a lawyer and officer of this bank is known quite ambitious. At the elementary school still, his spirit that tends to trouble in the association to make her parents moved her school to a special pre-eminent school boys at Lakeside School. In the school that he first became acquainted with the world that deliver on his talent in the field of programming. At that time he knew of a teletype machine, a kind of typewriter that can be given a simple program. From that machine, then he began to master the BASIC programming language well. He was then met with the fan community programs and often spend their time for hours to pursue these hobbies. Father of three children and then develop his talent while studying at Harvard University. However, while studying at elite universities in America that, once again Bill Gates's ambition makes it chose to achieve their dreams, rather than have to complete the study. He chose to drop out and are strongly committed to realizing his ambition. The commitment is embodied with perseverance, patience, and perseverance, so the hobby slowly but surely make the program has become an increasingly profitable business. He later also met with Paul Allen, a colleague who later joined in to help realize the dream to bring computers into homes. Duet menghasilnya them many excellent programs, one MS-DOS and then widely used as software on various komputer.Berbagai innovation does not stop. The result? As seen by many people today. Bill Gates's dream has come true. Almost every house, now has a computer. And, incredibly, most operating systems using Microsoft products. This is what makes pot-pundinya continues to expand. Now, with these riches, Bill Gates and his wife, Melinda, and then founded the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Formation Gates Foundation is used for various social activities. Starting from distributing scholarships to minorities, fight against diseases like AIDS and other diseases, to combat hunger and poverty. Unmitigated, this couple donated more than $ 5 billion for the benefit of this foundation. A contribution to the world's largest ever given to a charity. A dream, if accompanied by a strong belief and hard work, and based on commitment to struggle without ceasing, will give great results. Bill Gates is living proof that dreams that were once thought impossible, is now capable of accomplishment. Values ​​and beliefs that we can fight this is an example in our lives. In addition, Bill Gates to share your concern can also be an example of that success will be more meaningful if we can share. Here are some key events in the history of Microsoft:

• 4 April 1975, Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded "Micro-Soft"

• 26 November 1976, the Brand "Microsoft" is registered

• June 11, 1980, Steve Ballmer joined Microsoft

• August 12, 1981, IBM introduced a PC with Microsoft operating systems MS-DOS 1.0

• 20 November 1985, Microsoft released the Windows version of its first retail

• March 13, 1986, Microsoft signed up to the stock market

• May 22, 1990, Microsoft launched Windows 3.0

• 1993, Windows became the world's largest operating system

• August 24, 1995, Microsoft launched Windows 95

• October 25, 2001, Microsoft launched Windows XP

• 15 November 2001, Microsoft's foray into the gaming market with the launch of Xbox

• 22 November 2005, Microsoft launched the Xbox 360

• June 15, 2006, Bill Gates retired from daily duties at Microsoft

• 30 November 2006, Microsoft launched Windows Vista

• October 22, 2009, Microsoft launched Windows 7

• 12 April 2010, Microsoft launched its smartphone KIN

Thanks,,,,,
Hopefully useful,,,,,,,
Success and Stay spirit,,,,,,,

Are sqrt(2) and the constant pi, Rational or Irrational Numbers?

Two of the concepts which at a time really confused me are sqrt(2) and the other related one is circumference of a circle.

If we have a triangle with a base and perpendicular of unit length, then it's hypotenuse would be sqrt(2) long. Obviously, such a length sandwiched between two other definite and measurable lengths should also be definite and measurable. Here, I use the words "definite" and "measurable from mathematics' point of view. If humans can't measure anything definitely or absolutely, it's their limitations, not mathematics'. As sqrt(2) is irrational number and has never-ending trail of digits after the decimal point, so as a result one might argue that if something never ends then how can it be used to represent something definite (in this case hypotenuse of the triangle)? In calculus we find limits for functions using mathematical methods and we say it's the limit which the function tries to reach without ever actually reaching there. Likewise, the length of the hypotenuse which equals the value of sqrt(2) is the 'pictorial' limit and in this case human methods are the reason which prevent us from really calculating the value of sqrt(2).

The same argument goes for circumference of a circle which is 2*pi*r. Pi is an irrational number just like sqrt(2) with unending trail of digits after the decimal point. We have the 'pictorial' limit before us but we don't have the instrument to reach it.

I understand my reasoning is, perhaps, convoluted and a little erroneous. But I'm sure you can see beyond what I wrote and can extract the correct bits of information, and can fill the gaps between them to make the reasoning understandable for you. What is your opinion on length sqrt(2) and circumference? Please let me know. Thank you.

Regards, BMS