Since ancient times human beings trying to measure the temperature. And not just want to know the temperature of the object or the weather, but also the human body temperature. Hippocrates, for example, has realized that the human body temperature is closely relevant to human health in question. But only about 2000 years later, medical experts Santorio Santorio-repeated names, compared with Galileo Galilei, can use a thermometer to measure the temperature of the patient. It can be said, that he was the first physician to use a thermometer as a tool to help diagnose illness.
Efforts to create a tool that can measure temperature, a thermometer is a tool, arose among astronomers and a natural scientist. They know that temperature can make a substance expands. Therefore, they sought to use the size of the expansion of that material as a basis for measuring temperature. Nevertheless, measurement temperartur carefully, it is not happen easily. They need to find the right agent, proper technique, as well as measuring the scale of the right to be able to measure temperature accurately.
The air thermometer and AlcoholGalileo Galilei used to measure air expansion temperartur. Tool consists of a glass ball of chicken eggs is associated with a long pipe. Pipe was immersed in water. When the temperature changes, the air inside the glass bulb expands or shrink. These changes are recorded through the water line on the tube. The tool was created in 1593 and known as termoskop. Although the precision is still very low, but roughly this tool has been able to measure temperature.
Fellow named Galileo Santorio santorio (in Latin known as Sanctorius) was the first physician to apply a quantitative measure on the human body. In the early 17th century, from day to day, he weighed the human body weight, and found that weight loss through sweating. He also created a tool for measuring the pulse number.
In order to measure this measure, Santorio Santorio also want to measure human body temperature. For that he used termoskop Galileo by putting a glass ball into the human body. In termoskop tube, he set the scale by using the two benchmark points. The second point is the temperature benchmark snow and the temperature of a candle flame. The tool is also very meticulous.
Then Guillaume Amontons termoskop Galileo perfected. In lieu of water, he uses (water) of mercury to the air lock. The volume of air is made permanent so that the temperature measured by changes in air pressure. This Termoskop termoskop better than Galileo. With that tool, Amontons discovered that within the limits of precision tools, water boils at the same temperature. Furthermore, Amontons also studied the various types of gas expansion characteristics. At the same temperature change, he found that all gases expand by the same volume. Observations of this publication in 1699.
Nobility in Florence Tuscany, Ferdinand II, creating a better thermometer. The air in the ball is replaced with a glass of wine or alcohol. Both fixed point is the temperature in winter is the coldest and temperatures on the hottest summer. Winter temperatures and summer is not consistent. Because of that, comes the various proposals on the benchmark point.
Some are proposing the use of a single point of reference only, but some are proposing two points of the benchmark. Proposer single point of reference such as Robert Boyle, Robert Hooke and Christian Huygens, proposes freezing temperature at a certain liquid tiitk as a benchmark. Boyle, for example choosing oils from anise (aniseed). Furthermore, every degree of temperature is determined by changes in the volume of liquid that for a given volume fraction.
Proposer two benchmark points have different opinions about the two points that benchmark. Honore Fabni propose a low point at the temperature of liquid ice. However, for the high point, he still suggested that summer temperatures were erratic. Agreed about the low point, high point Delance proposed at a temperature of melting butter. In 1694, professor at Padua, Carlo Renaldini propose freezing point and boiling point of water as a second point that benchmark.
In 1701, Isaac Newton suggested a low point in the freezing temperature of water as well as the high point in human body temperature. In advance of these two points are arranged two scales.
Then making the thermometer fell to the meteorological instrument maker Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit. Likely it is that Fahrenheit is driven by Herman Boerhave to make the instrument. Fahrenheit thermometer to repeat the design and use of mercury as a substance pengukurnya.
Fahrenheit and Use of ThermometersDaniel Gabriel Fahrenheit was born in Danzig, now Gdansk, Poland in 1686. Since childhood he had emigrated to Amsterdam. He entered the business education, physics and manufacturing tools as well as continue to provide a meteorological tool. After reading the history of science that tells Amotons discoveries about the boiling point of water is fixed so he pushed to create a thermometer to see the natural phenomenon in the field of temperature.
In 1708, Fahrenheit met with Ole Romer who has made some temperature scale. He tried a change of one thermometer. In 1714, Fahrenheit mercury thermometer managed to create a well-known everywhere. This thermometer is absolutely meticulous and thorough. Fahrenheit thermometer scale on even this is known as degrees Fahrenheit is still used in some countries, especially in the United States and Britain.
In 1724 Fahr reported the results of his work to the Royal Society so received in membership in that year. It soon became scale Fahr received in the UK and the Netherlands. Even then most of the country using the Celsius scale and Kelvin, Fahr still remain the first person who can create the proper thermometer.
In the health field, these thermometers are also used. Hermann Boerhave, along with his followers Gerhard van Swieten and Anton de Haen tried to link the body temperature to health. In the 15-volume book called Rati Memendi, de Haen noted the rise and fall temperatures pda pasein reply fever. In this framework, George Martine of St. Andrews that every disease has its own type of fever.
In 1762, French physician, Ballay, measure the temperature of urine pasein. James Currie of Liverpool recommends a cold shower for the patient's fever and shower set with a thermometer. Use a thermometer in the hospital became famous after the study of Karl August Wunderlich. Over the past 16 years along with his assistant, he measured the temperature more than 100 thousand patients. In 1868 his work was written in the book The Course of The Tempearture in Disease: A guide of Clinical thermometry. The thermometer also become an important tool in the diagnosis of disease.
In the year 1734, in the Philosophical Transactions, Fahr thermometer tells manufacture. Fahr said in that story, that he was influenced by the success amontons. Her story: about 10 years ago, I read in the history of science, published in the Royal Academy of Paris, that by using the thermometer of his own, the famous Amontons had discovered that water boils at a fixed level of heat. I also immediately burned by the desire to make your own thermometer was so kind with my own eyes I can see that idnah alaam symptoms and can feel confident that the truth perconaan it.
Fahr not forget tells the number of failures in his efforts: "for lack of experience in making my efforts be in vain even though I have often repeated". So he put off his business until then. But the zeal to make the thermometer did not fade and do not slack. "I always wanted to see the results of the experiment," said Fahr.
At one point Fahr remembered the barometer. Careful observers have written about the barometer correction. They have seen that the high (water) of mercury in the barometer tube was little changed at temperatures change. "From this I know that a thermometer may be made using mercury.". Fahr acknowledges that its manufacture would be very difficult. However, by using a thermometer that he is very confident he can perform experiments that are eager to do it. And it worked.
Mercury thermometer stem tube is cylindrical Fahr spherical shape replaces termoskop Galileo. In accordance with manmaya, this thermometer uses (water) of mercury as a substitute for alcohol. With the tools that, at first tried to use the temperature Fahr in Iceland and Lapland which is famous cold as the coldest temperature in the determination of benchmark point temperature scale. But then he replaced it with water mixed with salt. Freezing point of water mixed with salt is to determine the point of zero degrees on the thermometer.
After that Fahr interested in optics and other works. But three years kemduian ia kebali the thermometer and the temperature. Fahr measuring the thermal properties of various other substances. He determined what the liquid to be measured, determine the weight of its kind at a temperature of 48 degrees, and determine its boiling temperature. In his report, the listed substances such as wine, alcohol, water, rain, spirits niter, oil vitriol.
Temperature scaleAt temperatures in the thermometer scale penetuan, Fahr using two benchmark points. For the low point, he wants to find the lowest cold. He mixed the salt into the water, the freezing point of water was used as the low point. Low point was expressed sbeagai zero degrees. With saline water was Fahr wanted to avoid the negative temperatures.
As a point of the highest standards, Fahr use of human body temperature. In contrast to Newton's proposal to divide the two benchmark points into 12 sections, Fahr divide it into 8 x 12 or 96 parts. With this kind of division, he measured the boiling point of water. Then Fahr changed slightly so that the temperature scale tempertaur boiling point of water just 212 degrees. By finding that the freezing point of water is 32 degrees, amka anatara scale at the freezing point and boiling water is 180 degrees.
With this scale, Fahr found that the temperature of the human body became 98.6 degrees. Thus the temperature scale known as scale Fahr. The scale is still used in America and several other nations.
Not long after that came another temperature scale in 1730 compiled by Rene Antoine de Reamur Ferchault and is known to scale Reamur. In his experiments he used a mixture of wine and water in comparison 4 and 1. He found that the 1000 unit volume of such substances on the freezing temperature of water will develop into a 1080 unit volume at the boiling temperature of water. Therefore reamur dividing the distance from the freezing point of water to the boiling point of water into the 1080-1000 = 80 parts.
Thus, on a scale Reamur freezing point of water is zero degrees and the boiling point of water is 80 degrees. On this scale each degree is serata with changes of 1 / 1000 unit volume of that material. Until now Reamur scale is still used in some countries.
Another scale appeared in 1742. Swedish astronomer at the University of Upsala, Anders Celsius ajarak divide in advance of the freezing point and boiling point of water into 100 parts. Even this scale known as the Celsius scale or centigrade scale. At this scale the freezing point of water is zero degrees and the boiling point of water is 100 degrees.
Another scale is from William Thomson Lord Kelvin or so known as the Kelvin scale. By using the Celsius scale theoretically, Kelvin sought to determine the lowest temperature of absolute zero degrees labeled. Through the provision, the freezing point of water into kira2 273.15 degrees and 373.15 degrees the boiling point of water. The scale is accepted as the unit of temperature in the International System.
Kelvin effort to determine the degree of absolute zero can also be measured through a scale Fahr. Scale obtained in this way is known by the name of William Rankin scale Rankin.
Now the thermometer (water) mercury with high accuracy has been widely used. Besides the thermometer mercury thermometer we also know many others. Expanse that can be measured with another thermometer is very wide from a very cold temperature to very hot. Yet we are still dealing with a variety of scales and units of measurement tempertaur. There is a scale Fahr, Reamur scale, Celsius, Kelvin and Rankin Talking in various international meetings. Since then it has a lot of the benchmark standard of acceptable and amended again by the international meeting.
To measure a very wide expanse tempertur, the meeting internsioanl expanse that divides into 4 regions. Each area of the temperature measured by means of a certain standard. The area between -259.74 to 630.74 degrees Celsius measured by a platinum resistance thermometer. Region between 630.74 to 1064.43 ° C was measured with a thermometer platinum-rhodium platinum per 10 cent. Areas above 1064, 43 erajat Celsius measured by optical pyrometers. There is no standard tool for measuring the temperature in the region below -259.34 degrees Celsius. Temperatures in the region measured by various measuring instruments.
For simplicity there would be nice if we all use one kind of scale and unit temperature or using an international system. We simply use the Kelvin scale. On a scale that is roughly the freezing point of water about 273 K and the boiling point of 373 K. body temperature of 310 K and mansuia sekitr room temperature 300 K.
The air thermometer and AlcoholGalileo Galilei used to measure air expansion temperartur. Tool consists of a glass ball of chicken eggs is associated with a long pipe. Pipe was immersed in water. When the temperature changes, the air inside the glass bulb expands or shrink. These changes are recorded through the water line on the tube. The tool was created in 1593 and known as termoskop. Although the precision is still very low, but roughly this tool has been able to measure temperature.
Fellow named Galileo Santorio santorio (in Latin known as Sanctorius) was the first physician to apply a quantitative measure on the human body. In the early 17th century, from day to day, he weighed the human body weight, and found that weight loss through sweating. He also created a tool for measuring the pulse number.
In order to measure this measure, Santorio Santorio also want to measure human body temperature. For that he used termoskop Galileo by putting a glass ball into the human body. In termoskop tube, he set the scale by using the two benchmark points. The second point is the temperature benchmark snow and the temperature of a candle flame. The tool is also very meticulous.
Then Guillaume Amontons termoskop Galileo perfected. In lieu of water, he uses (water) of mercury to the air lock. The volume of air is made permanent so that the temperature measured by changes in air pressure. This Termoskop termoskop better than Galileo. With that tool, Amontons discovered that within the limits of precision tools, water boils at the same temperature. Furthermore, Amontons also studied the various types of gas expansion characteristics. At the same temperature change, he found that all gases expand by the same volume. Observations of this publication in 1699.
Nobility in Florence Tuscany, Ferdinand II, creating a better thermometer. The air in the ball is replaced with a glass of wine or alcohol. Both fixed point is the temperature in winter is the coldest and temperatures on the hottest summer. Winter temperatures and summer is not consistent. Because of that, comes the various proposals on the benchmark point.
Some are proposing the use of a single point of reference only, but some are proposing two points of the benchmark. Proposer single point of reference such as Robert Boyle, Robert Hooke and Christian Huygens, proposes freezing temperature at a certain liquid tiitk as a benchmark. Boyle, for example choosing oils from anise (aniseed). Furthermore, every degree of temperature is determined by changes in the volume of liquid that for a given volume fraction.
Proposer two benchmark points have different opinions about the two points that benchmark. Honore Fabni propose a low point at the temperature of liquid ice. However, for the high point, he still suggested that summer temperatures were erratic. Agreed about the low point, high point Delance proposed at a temperature of melting butter. In 1694, professor at Padua, Carlo Renaldini propose freezing point and boiling point of water as a second point that benchmark.
In 1701, Isaac Newton suggested a low point in the freezing temperature of water as well as the high point in human body temperature. In advance of these two points are arranged two scales.
Then making the thermometer fell to the meteorological instrument maker Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit. Likely it is that Fahrenheit is driven by Herman Boerhave to make the instrument. Fahrenheit thermometer to repeat the design and use of mercury as a substance pengukurnya.
Fahrenheit and Use of ThermometersDaniel Gabriel Fahrenheit was born in Danzig, now Gdansk, Poland in 1686. Since childhood he had emigrated to Amsterdam. He entered the business education, physics and manufacturing tools as well as continue to provide a meteorological tool. After reading the history of science that tells Amotons discoveries about the boiling point of water is fixed so he pushed to create a thermometer to see the natural phenomenon in the field of temperature.
In 1708, Fahrenheit met with Ole Romer who has made some temperature scale. He tried a change of one thermometer. In 1714, Fahrenheit mercury thermometer managed to create a well-known everywhere. This thermometer is absolutely meticulous and thorough. Fahrenheit thermometer scale on even this is known as degrees Fahrenheit is still used in some countries, especially in the United States and Britain.
In 1724 Fahr reported the results of his work to the Royal Society so received in membership in that year. It soon became scale Fahr received in the UK and the Netherlands. Even then most of the country using the Celsius scale and Kelvin, Fahr still remain the first person who can create the proper thermometer.
In the health field, these thermometers are also used. Hermann Boerhave, along with his followers Gerhard van Swieten and Anton de Haen tried to link the body temperature to health. In the 15-volume book called Rati Memendi, de Haen noted the rise and fall temperatures pda pasein reply fever. In this framework, George Martine of St. Andrews that every disease has its own type of fever.
In 1762, French physician, Ballay, measure the temperature of urine pasein. James Currie of Liverpool recommends a cold shower for the patient's fever and shower set with a thermometer. Use a thermometer in the hospital became famous after the study of Karl August Wunderlich. Over the past 16 years along with his assistant, he measured the temperature more than 100 thousand patients. In 1868 his work was written in the book The Course of The Tempearture in Disease: A guide of Clinical thermometry. The thermometer also become an important tool in the diagnosis of disease.
In the year 1734, in the Philosophical Transactions, Fahr thermometer tells manufacture. Fahr said in that story, that he was influenced by the success amontons. Her story: about 10 years ago, I read in the history of science, published in the Royal Academy of Paris, that by using the thermometer of his own, the famous Amontons had discovered that water boils at a fixed level of heat. I also immediately burned by the desire to make your own thermometer was so kind with my own eyes I can see that idnah alaam symptoms and can feel confident that the truth perconaan it.
Fahr not forget tells the number of failures in his efforts: "for lack of experience in making my efforts be in vain even though I have often repeated". So he put off his business until then. But the zeal to make the thermometer did not fade and do not slack. "I always wanted to see the results of the experiment," said Fahr.
At one point Fahr remembered the barometer. Careful observers have written about the barometer correction. They have seen that the high (water) of mercury in the barometer tube was little changed at temperatures change. "From this I know that a thermometer may be made using mercury.". Fahr acknowledges that its manufacture would be very difficult. However, by using a thermometer that he is very confident he can perform experiments that are eager to do it. And it worked.
Mercury thermometer stem tube is cylindrical Fahr spherical shape replaces termoskop Galileo. In accordance with manmaya, this thermometer uses (water) of mercury as a substitute for alcohol. With the tools that, at first tried to use the temperature Fahr in Iceland and Lapland which is famous cold as the coldest temperature in the determination of benchmark point temperature scale. But then he replaced it with water mixed with salt. Freezing point of water mixed with salt is to determine the point of zero degrees on the thermometer.
After that Fahr interested in optics and other works. But three years kemduian ia kebali the thermometer and the temperature. Fahr measuring the thermal properties of various other substances. He determined what the liquid to be measured, determine the weight of its kind at a temperature of 48 degrees, and determine its boiling temperature. In his report, the listed substances such as wine, alcohol, water, rain, spirits niter, oil vitriol.
Temperature scaleAt temperatures in the thermometer scale penetuan, Fahr using two benchmark points. For the low point, he wants to find the lowest cold. He mixed the salt into the water, the freezing point of water was used as the low point. Low point was expressed sbeagai zero degrees. With saline water was Fahr wanted to avoid the negative temperatures.
As a point of the highest standards, Fahr use of human body temperature. In contrast to Newton's proposal to divide the two benchmark points into 12 sections, Fahr divide it into 8 x 12 or 96 parts. With this kind of division, he measured the boiling point of water. Then Fahr changed slightly so that the temperature scale tempertaur boiling point of water just 212 degrees. By finding that the freezing point of water is 32 degrees, amka anatara scale at the freezing point and boiling water is 180 degrees.
With this scale, Fahr found that the temperature of the human body became 98.6 degrees. Thus the temperature scale known as scale Fahr. The scale is still used in America and several other nations.
Not long after that came another temperature scale in 1730 compiled by Rene Antoine de Reamur Ferchault and is known to scale Reamur. In his experiments he used a mixture of wine and water in comparison 4 and 1. He found that the 1000 unit volume of such substances on the freezing temperature of water will develop into a 1080 unit volume at the boiling temperature of water. Therefore reamur dividing the distance from the freezing point of water to the boiling point of water into the 1080-1000 = 80 parts.
Thus, on a scale Reamur freezing point of water is zero degrees and the boiling point of water is 80 degrees. On this scale each degree is serata with changes of 1 / 1000 unit volume of that material. Until now Reamur scale is still used in some countries.
Another scale appeared in 1742. Swedish astronomer at the University of Upsala, Anders Celsius ajarak divide in advance of the freezing point and boiling point of water into 100 parts. Even this scale known as the Celsius scale or centigrade scale. At this scale the freezing point of water is zero degrees and the boiling point of water is 100 degrees.
Another scale is from William Thomson Lord Kelvin or so known as the Kelvin scale. By using the Celsius scale theoretically, Kelvin sought to determine the lowest temperature of absolute zero degrees labeled. Through the provision, the freezing point of water into kira2 273.15 degrees and 373.15 degrees the boiling point of water. The scale is accepted as the unit of temperature in the International System.
Kelvin effort to determine the degree of absolute zero can also be measured through a scale Fahr. Scale obtained in this way is known by the name of William Rankin scale Rankin.
Now the thermometer (water) mercury with high accuracy has been widely used. Besides the thermometer mercury thermometer we also know many others. Expanse that can be measured with another thermometer is very wide from a very cold temperature to very hot. Yet we are still dealing with a variety of scales and units of measurement tempertaur. There is a scale Fahr, Reamur scale, Celsius, Kelvin and Rankin Talking in various international meetings. Since then it has a lot of the benchmark standard of acceptable and amended again by the international meeting.
To measure a very wide expanse tempertur, the meeting internsioanl expanse that divides into 4 regions. Each area of the temperature measured by means of a certain standard. The area between -259.74 to 630.74 degrees Celsius measured by a platinum resistance thermometer. Region between 630.74 to 1064.43 ° C was measured with a thermometer platinum-rhodium platinum per 10 cent. Areas above 1064, 43 erajat Celsius measured by optical pyrometers. There is no standard tool for measuring the temperature in the region below -259.34 degrees Celsius. Temperatures in the region measured by various measuring instruments.
For simplicity there would be nice if we all use one kind of scale and unit temperature or using an international system. We simply use the Kelvin scale. On a scale that is roughly the freezing point of water about 273 K and the boiling point of 373 K. body temperature of 310 K and mansuia sekitr room temperature 300 K.
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