Internet History

In 1957 the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD = Department of Defense) formed the ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) in response to the launch of Sputnik was the Soviet Union. ARPA tasked improving technological capabilities that can be utilized by the military. ARPA carry out their duties by providing assistance and doing contract work with universities and companies that have ideas that are considered promising for its operations.

In the mid-1960s, when the peak of the Cold War, DoD wants to have command and control network that can defend themselves in case of nuclear war. To overcome this problem the DoD changed the direction of his research, ARPA. In cooperation with several universities, ARPA decided that the DoD is necessary network packet-switching shape consisting of a subnet and host computers. In December 1968, ARPA gave the contract to BBN, a consulting firm in Cambridge, Massachusetts to establish such a network and make the supporting software.Although there are still shortcomings in the software issue, in December 1969 successfully launched an experimental network connecting the four vertices of UCLA, UCSB, SRI and Utah University. ARPANET was growing rapidly soon covers the whole of the U.S. in its first three years. In addition to helping the growth of the ARPANET is still premature, the ARPA also funded research satellite network and the mobile packet radio networks.These observations are encouraging more and more research on the protocol, culminating in the discovery of the model and TCP / IP. TCP / IP is specifically designed to handle communication over internetworks, something that becomes increasingly important as more networks and LANs are connected to the ARPANET. To encourage the use of these new protocols, ARPA entered into several contracts with BBN and the University of California at Berkeley to integrate these protocols into Berkeley UNIX.In 1983, the ARPANET has a large network and it can be considered stable and successful. During the 1980's, additional networks, especially LANs, the more connected to the ARPANET. In line with the increased breadth of the network, host-even more expensive. Because it's DNS (Domain Naming System) was formed to organize machines into specific domains and map host names into IP addresses.In 1990, the ARPANET was made up by new networks, which is actually born by the ARPANET. After that ARPANET ceased operation and dismantled. Until now, MILNET still in operation.In 1984 the NSF began designing high-speed backbone network that will connect the sixth superkomputernya center in San Diego, Boulder, Champaign, Pittsburgh, Ithaca and Princeton. This network is projected as a substitute for the ARPANET and will be open to all university research groups, research laboratories, libraries and museums to access the sixth superkomputernya it and communicate with each other. This network is also connected to the ARPANET. Further NSF immediate successors network plan and give the contract to Michigan-based MERIT consortium to implement the plan. This network was eventually overwhelmed, so in 1990 the network is upgraded soon.In 1995, the NSFNET backbone no longer required to menginterkoneksikan NSF regional networks. To facilitate and assure that each regional network can communicate with other regional networks, the NSF gave contracts to four network operators to make the NAP (Network Access Point). These operators are PacBell (San Francisco), Ameritech (Chicago), MFS (Washington DC) and Sprint (New York City). Any operator who wants to provide backbone services to the NSF regional networks should connect all the NAP. In addition to NSF NAPs, has also made a variety of NAP government (eg, FIX-E, FIX-W, MAE-East and MAE-West) and the commercial NAPs (eg CIX).After TCP / IP is expressed as the only official protocol on January 1, 1983, the number of networks, machines and users are connected to the ARPANET grew rapidly. At the time of the NSFNET and the ARPANET are interconnected, the growth becomes exponential. Many are joining regional networks and relationships are made to build a network in Canada, Europe and the Pacific.In the mid-1980s, people began to see a collection of networks. Growth continues exponentially, and in 1990 the Internet has grown to 3000 and 200,000 computer networks. In 1992, the unity-million hosts are connected to the network. In 1995, there were a lot of backbone, hundreds of mid-level networks (regional), tens of thousands of LANs, millions of hosts and tens of millions of users.Until the early 1990's, the Internet is widely used by academics, government and industry researchers. A new application, the WWW (World Wide Web) changed the face of the Internet and help millions of new users, nonakademisi to the network. This application, was discovered by CERN physicist Tim Berners-Lee, without changing the facilities that already exist but it makes it easier to use. Together with the Mosaic viewer, created by the NCSA (National Center for Supercomputer Applications), the WWW allows a site (site) to arrange a number of information pages that contain text, images, sounds and even video, by putting links to other pages . By clicking on a link, users will be immediately taken to a page that indicated by the link.Within a year after Mosaic was launched, the number of WWW servers grew from 100 to 7000. This rapid growth continues at a rapid pace until now.

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